History of Turkey

1. Turkish Attacks on Anatolia

After the establishment of the Seljuk State, Karahanli and Gazneli became a new residence. Oguzlar, Tuğrul and Çagri were directed to Anatolia through the means of the beylers. In 1048, the Byzantines were defeated in the Battle of Pasinler in Georgia and Armenians. Eastern Anatolia passed by the Turks.
We want to slow the Turkish invasions Byzantine Emperor Romanian Diojen suffered a heavy defeat from Alp Arslan in the Battle of Malazgirt. The Byzantine War of Malazgirt broke the defensive power of Anatolia. The Turks began to settle in the present Anatolia. The first Turkish states were founded in Anatolia. It was caused by the Crusades launching by asking for help from Europe against the Byzantine Turkish raids.

1. The First Turkish States Established in Anatolia
   After the Battle of Malazgirt, Alp Arslan was divided among the commanders of Anatolia. The commanders are their own.

a. Danişmentliler on
Corum, Tokat, Kayseri Sivas and Malatya were established. They are fighting with the Byzantines and the Crusaders. In 1158 the Anatolian Seljuks were destroyed.

b. Saltuklular
It is the first sensitive Turkish state in Anatolia. They fought with Erzurum and his network, the Georgians and the Crusaders. In 1202, the Anatolian Seljuks were destroyed.

c. Mengujeks
Erzincan and Kemahahm were established. They fought with Trabzon Greeks and Georgians. In 1228, the Anatolian Seljuks were destroyed.

D. Artukids
It was founded in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia. The state struggle with the Crusaders is divided. The Hasankeyf branch was destroyed by Ayyubids, the Harput branch by the Anatolian Seljuks, and the Mardin arm in 1409 by the Karakoyuns. In Anatolia, we have fought these Turkic states, Byzantines and Crusaders, placed Turkmens in Anatolia, and made places such as mosques, caravansaries, madrasa, tombs in Anatolia. Turkification of Anatolia and Islamization.

1. Anatolian Seljuk State
   a. State's Establishment and Rise
   The founder of the Anatolian Seljuk State is Süleyman Şah. After the Battle of Malazgirt, those who came to Anatolia took the Iznik from the Suleiman Shah Byzantines and made it the capital and founded the state. Solomon Shah Antakya, who took the Byzantines from Anatolia, also took over. However, with the Syrian Seljuks, he lost the war and died in the year. The grave must remain the Caber.

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In 1092, the 1st Kılıç Arslan passed through the state, which remained without government for a while. Kılıç Arslan opposes the Criminal Crusades in 1096. Despite this, he lost Iznik and Western Anatolia. The capital carried it to Konya. He lost the war in the year with the great Seljukian army. He drowned in the Habur river. The sons of Kılıç Arslan saved the state of dissolution of Mesut's first throne. I. Mesut Kaçı Byzantine attacks. The Crusaders were defeated. Replaced II. Kılıç Arslan In 1156, the Byzantines were defeated in the Battle of Miryokefalon. This war provided Anatolia with a definite Turkish homeland voice.
II. Kılıç Arslan gave the son of the Principality of Danişmentliler in 1158.

The ascension period of the Anatolian Seljuks from Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev of I. began.
Samsun and Antalya. The first maritime work in Antalya started.
I. Izzeddin Keykavus seized Sinop and made it open to the Black Sea.

I. Alaaddin Keykubat period was the brightest period of the Anatolian Seljuks. It's rich enough to print gold coins. A shipyard was built here on the Alanya side. The port of Sujdak of Crimea was seized. Son of Mengücekler Principality. Harzemshahl was defeated in the Battle of Yassiçemen. Measures were taken against the Mongols from the East.

b. The collapse of the Anatolian Seljuk State
Son of Alaeddin Keykubat II. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev time began to weaken the state. The management is down. The Babylon revolt came out in Anatolia. The government rebellion has taken the decision of the board. Anatolian Seljuks, Mongols entered Anatolia and weakened. Kösedağ War The Inner Mongols plundered places up to Kayseri. The Mongols enlarged their oppression in the Anatolian environment and received heavy taxes. This situation led to the fall of the stagnation in Anatolia, causing the people to lose confidence in the state. Meanwhile, the throne trials began. In Anatolia, the Turkmen have declared their state independence. In addition, the Anatolian Turkish Union broke down.

1. Anatolian Turkish Beyliks
   After the collapse of the Anatolian Seljukian State, many large and small principalities were established in Anatolia. The main ones are Karamanoğulları (Konya and Karaman), Germiyanoğulları (Kütahya), Hamitoğulları (Isparta - Burdur), Aydınoğulları (Aydın), Saruhanoğulları (İzmir), Menteşeoğulları (Mugla), Candaroğulları (Kastamonu - Samsun - Sinop), Karesioğulları ) and the Osmanoğulları (Söğüt).
   These principals filled the void of authority that emerged after the Anatolian Seljuk State, seized the Anatolian lands left by the Byzantine Empire, and worked for the Turkification of Anatolia. They have made significant progress in the field of maritime and have made their places flourishing.

2. Crusades
   They called the Crusades to take holy places such as Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria, which are considered holy Christians by Europeans, to stop the Turks who took Anatolia to advance to the west and to protect Byzantium, to spread Christianity and papan influence, and to have Muslims possess the lands and riches.

The flights that started in 1096 continued until 1280, a total of eight major expeditions were made. Only one of these times has reached its goal. At the end of the First Crusade, Western Anatolia was taken from the Turks and given to the Byzantines, Antakya, Urfa, Damascus and Jerusalem were crowned by the Crusaders, and the Crusaders established their delegates as they were in Europe.

The Anatolian Seljuks, Ayyubids, Mamluks, and the Turkish states began to take back the places of the Crusaders, the new Crusades were arranged with the provocation of the Papal, but the desired result was not obtained. Muslims have succeeded in taking back all of the places where the Crusaders have been handed over.

Consequences of the Crusades
The progress of the Turks to the west was blocked for a while, and the Byzantine life span.
Failure of the campaigns has led to a shaking of confidence in church and clergy.
Many veterans died during campaigns, or they could not pay the debts they had received when they were leaving the palace. This situation led to the collapse of the kingdoms to strengthen the kingdoms.

The Europeans learned some technical discoveries such as paper, gunpowder, and compass from Muslims, and they have improved the development of Europe.

1. Culture and Civilization in Anatolian Seljuk and Beylik Period
   The Anatolian Seljuks and the principalities were under the influence of the Great Seljuks in almost every area.

State and Country Management
In the Anatolian Seljuks there was a ruler who used the title of sultan at the beginning of the state. State affairs were discussed and decided on a board called the divan which was presided by the sultan or vizier. The country was considered a common property of the ruler and his family.

The country was separated from the provinces, and rulers or governors from the ruling family were appointed to the administration of the provinces. In the provinces, they were superseded by military service, and losers of justice.
The Anatolian Seljukian army consisted of soldiers who were dependent on the Sultan's sultan, Turkmen and soldiers of the Ikta.
The importance of maritime was also given to Anatolian Seljuks and principals. Antalya, Sinop, Izmir, Menteşe, Samsun were important port cities.

Social and Economic Life
After the Turks came to Anatolia, they made this place flourishing in every respect. The residents of the cities were dealing with trade and artisans, the residents of the villages with agriculture, and the natives with livestock.

Loncars were established to provide solidarity among the artisans and zanatarians in the cities and to direct the city economy. This system was called AHI.

The Anatolian Seljuks and the principals paid attention to the trade, made caravansaries on the trade routes to improve trade, gave discounts to foreign merchants at customs, and paid the damages of merchants damaged by bandit and pirate attacks. In the Anatolian Seljuks, the land was considered as the property of the state, and was divided into four, namely, hash, ikta, estate and foundation.

Writing, Language and Literature
In Anatolian Seljuks the language of science was Arabic, the official language was Persian. This situation has slowed the development of Turkic people. The principals gave importance to using Turkish in every area. Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey declared Türkçeyi as the official language

Mevlana, Yunus Emre and Hacı Bektaş Veli whose works are preserved today are the most important thinkers and literati who grew up in this period.

Science and Art
Many medrese, mosque, caravanserai, tomb, palace, castle and fortifications were built in the Anatolian Seljuks and during the rule of the empire. In this period, painting and sculpture did not develop, but carving became important developments in calligraphy, calligraphy and miniature arts