未知输入流总量,取出n个数据,要求取出的数据是等概率的

in #tech7 years ago

概述

对于一个输入流,如果已知文件的总大小L,要取出其中的n个数据,并且要求所取出的文件都是等概率的,那么只需要根据n/L的概率来取数据就okay了。
然而在大多数情况下,L并不可知,此时还要求按照等概率来取n个数据,如何做到呢?

方法

  1. 先依次从数据流中取n个数据
  2. 从第n+1个数据开始,以n/i的概率来保留新数据,如果新数据要保留,那么旧数据以1/n的等概率淘汰
  3. 旧数据保留的概率为1-n/i

论证(假设n=10)

  1. 当有10个数据时,数据全部都保存,item的保留概率是1
  2. 当有11个数据时,数据的保留概率为:10/11。旧数据的保留概率为(1)*(1/11 + 10/11 * 9/10)= 10/11。
    (1)为2的前提1的概率,1/11为旧数据的保留概率:1-10/11=1/11,10/11为保留新数据的概率,9/10为,当出现保留新数据时,旧数据保留的概率:1-1/n
  3. 当有12个数据时,数据的保留概率为:10/12。旧数据的保留概率为(10/11)*(2/12 + 10/12 * 9/10)= 10/12。

以上可得出,当有i个数据的时候,数据保留的概率为 10/i。

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