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As I promised you I will keep on taking you with me on my journey through the oases of Egypt. Unfortunately, I got sick the last two weeks so you had to wait a bit longer for an update. Apologies for that again. But in this article, I will "kidnap" you to one of the most impressive temples of the Late Period (664–332 BC) up to the Greco-Roman Period (332 BC to 395 AD) of Ancient Egypt. You will get exclusive insights into an ancient monument that seems long forgotten but is – from an Egyptological perspective – of high importance.

City of Hibis

The Hibis Temple mentioned in this post is part of the Ancient Egyptian City of Hibis which derived from the egyptian word 𓉔𓃀𓏏𓊖 = Ḥb.t = (spoken: hebet) and means "the plough". It is located in the Kharga Oasis, the modern capital of the Egyptian governate Al-Wadi Al-Gadid (New Valley) in the western desert (Sahara). If you like to know more about this great oasis, feel free to read my previous post about Kharga. Until today nobody knows the exact scale of the ancient city of Hibis because no complete archaeological excavations were executed there, except the famous Hibis Temple and other smaller sites. In ancient times, mainly in the Late Period, this city was a highly frequented point within the desert trade routes between the Nile valley and Nubia (today Northern Sudan).
In Roman times (30 BC to 395 AD) Hibis is known to be the place of a Roman governor that published decrees of Roman law at the gates of the Hibis Temple, that in most cases regulated the administrative and economic issues of the area.

History of Research in Hibis

The Temple of Hibis was first discovered 1818 by the French Egyptologist Frédéric Cailliaud. Later then Archibald Edmonstone followed in 1819, John Gardner Wilkinson (1825) and George Alexander Hoskins (1832). The first scientific publication with an extended description of the decoration of the temple was made 1878 by the German Egyptologist Heinrich Brugsch. The first photographs were made by Gerhard Rohlfs in 1874 during his expedition. After this, the most profound research on the Hibis Temple was executed by Herbert Winlock and Norman de Garis Davies between 1909 and 1913. The inscriptions of the temple were analysed and published by the Canadian Egyptologist Eugene Cruz-Uribe in 1980.

The Temple of Hibis at Kharga Oasis

The Hibis Temple, also called the Amun Temple of Hibis, was built probably in the 26th dynasty at the west bank of a lake where the Theban Triad (the three Gods Amun, Mut and Chons) were worshipped there. The lake doesn't exist anymore, but it is known that the temple was connected through a sphinx avenue with the quayside of the lake. The temple had also a huge temenos wall (surrounding the temple for protection). Later on, the temple was extended in size and decoration by the following rulers Dareios I, Dareios II, Hakoris, Nektanebos I. and/or Nektanebos II (all 28th to 30th dynasty). The Temple of Hibis is one of the best-preserved temples in the Kharga Oasis today and received a huge restoration treatment that makes visitors able to perceive the temple in its complete beauty.

_{Pic. 2: Entrance to the Temple of Hibis at Kharga}

_{Pic. 3: View to the pylons and the sphinx avenue.}

_{Pic. 4: The sphinx avenue.}

_{Pic. 5: View from sphinx avenue back to the entrance.}

Alongside the sphinx avenue, there are three so-called pylons which is the scientific term for a special gate or entrance to a temple. A pylon is in general built in the same or at least in a similar way: two pillars left and right and a special-shaped architrave above, in most cases decorated with a winged sun-disk.

_{Pic. 6: Detail of the special architecture of a pylon.}

The complete temple measures 19 x 44 metres and is made of sandstone. Beside the sphinxes and the pylons, you can see a portikus (special entrance to the inner area), two pillar halls, the hall with the offering table and the holiest area – the sanctuary. To the left and the right within the offering hall, there are magazines (storage chambers) where the rituals were prepared.

_{Pic. 7: Entrance to the first pillar hall.}

_{Pic. 8: The first pillar hall.}

_{Pic. 9: Detailed view of the pillars.}

A very special decoration can be found at the backside of the first pillar hall: the falcon-headed, winged God Seth is fighting Apophis with a spear, the snake which was the greatest enemy of the Sun God Ra.

_{Pic. 10: Seth fighting Apophis. Decorated wall in the first pillar hall.}

A very special feature is the rooftop temple that was dedicated to the God Osiris. As a visitor, you are allowed to "climb" up the very small doorsteps to the roof from which you can enjoy not only a fresh brize of air but also an amazing view around the area. If the weather is good you can even see the next temple, the Temple of Nadura, located just a few kilometres away from Hibis.

_{Pic. 11: View from the rooftop temple for Osiris to the Temple of Nadura far in the background.}

Next to the temple in the southwest within the area, a so-called Mammisi is located and can be visited as well. It is a quite undecorated small building but the speciality is the building itself. Mammisis are special facilities that were part of the offering rituals during processions in ancient times. They symbolized the birth myth of the Gods, mostly of the Triads which were often a mother-father-child constellation, and served as a chapel. Mammisis are known from the 8th century BC until the 4th century AD and were always located in a 90° angle to the procession way.

_{Pic. 12: View from the rooftop temple for Osiris to the Mammisi (Chapel / birth house) in the Southwest.}

_{Pic. 13: Detailed view of the Mammisi.}

Thank you for reading!

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_{Sources and further reading:
• Daumas, Francois, in: Lexikon der Ägyptologie. Bd. II, S. 462–475, s.v. Geburtshaus.
• Cruz-Uribe, Eugene: Hibis Temple Project, 1: Translations, commentary, discussions and sign list. San Antonio 1988.
• Winlock, Herbert E., Davies, Norman de Garis: The Temple of Hibis in el Khargeh Oasis, New York 1938–1953. (3 books)
• https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibis#Hibis-Tempel
• https://de.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hībis
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Hibis}

_{Images:
• Image used in the editorial picture: own photograph, taken Jan. 2018.
• Pic. 1: Source
• Pic. 2–9, 11-13: own photoraphs, taken Jan. 2018.
• Pic. 10: Source}

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If you liked this article, please follow me on my blog @laylahsophia. I am a German Egyptologist writing about ancient and contemporary Egypt, history of science, philosophy and life.