We used to think that cruel and inhuman experiments on human beings were conducted in the concentration camps of Nazi Germany. Unfortunately, the truth is much worse-such experiments have started in the 19th century in the United States.

Here are some of them ...

SCALPELS

Since 1840, American physician James Marion Sims, considered the "founder of modern gynecology" - conducted a variety of surgical studies. As the experimental mice for his experiments he used African slaves over which surgeries WITHOUT anesthesia. One of the women had been operated in this way 30 times! Slaves often died -- but that didn't stop the "scientist"-. Dr. Sims studied the causes of the spasms of chewing muscles in children-so he experimented on the children of black slaves, conducting operations on the jaw with a...- the cobbler's sewing.

Bacteria

Another "-pioner" - American medicine - Dr. Arthur Wentworth engaged in that introduced the 29 children in the spinal cord of a metal needle (so-called "-lyumbalnaya puncture" -), to check whether it is harmful. And the parents of the children do not even know what experiments with children of their places "-Dr." -

From 1913 to 1951 the chief surgeon of the California prison San Quentin - Dr. Leo Stanley spent hundreds of experiments on prisoners. Stanley transplanted criminals generative organs taken from executed criminals, hogs and sheep, performed operations on forced sterilization and other "-Scientific" - experiments.

In the mid-1880s Californian doctor who worked at the hospital for lepers in Hawaii "-to research purposes" - has infected six underage girls syphilis virus. Not far from him left and New York pediatrician Henry Heiman specifically infecting two mentally retarded boy with gonorrhea. In the scientific literature 19-20 century described some 40 experiments of this kind - when doctors deliberately infected children with sexually transmitted diseases.

But sexually transmitted diseases seem flowers, if you remember the story of how the US military physicians infected five Filipino prisoners of bubonic plague. And in 1906, Harvard professor Richard Strong infected 24 Filipino prisoners of cholera (13 of them died).

In 1908, three physicians from Philadelphia infected several tens of orphaned children with tuberculosis, resulting in some of them blind. The published results of their research, these "-doctor" - call them crippled children "-use the material." -

Cases of deliberate infection of prisoners, mentally retarded patients and orphans - are vast. American "A doctor" - people infected with syphilis, molluscum contagiosum, malaria, herpes, hepatitis, they were transplanted cancer cells, etc.

BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

Military doctors also managed to excel in the field of experiments on their own kind. In 1950, in order to simulate the situation of bacteriological warfare, a large amount of powder was sprayed over San Francisco with two planes containing the bacterium Serratia marcescens. As a result, many residents become ill with pneumonia and died. Experiments with the bacterium Serratia marcescens continued until 1969.

In 1955, "-issledovateli" - CIA sprayed in the Tampa Bay area of ​​Florida pertussis bacteria, which immediately caused a massive epidemic of the disease. At least 12 people died.

In 1956 and 1957 in Georgia and Florida, the US military released to the will of millions of mosquitoes infected with yellow fever and dengue fever. In the midst of an epidemic of warriors in the Pentagon, disguised as civilian doctors, traveled to the infected city and photographed sick people for their reports.

Do not shunned American "-issledovateli" - to carry out experiments on their own army. Thus, from 1963 to 1969 in the framework of the project "-Uyazvimost and defense vessels» - (SHAD) on US Navy ships were dropped several types of bacteriological and chemical weapons. And the crews nothing suspected when "-rodnoy Pentagon" - began to water them with sarin, VX gas and cadmium salts.

In the late 1960s, the US military launched in New York and Chicago subway hay bacillus bacteria. The experiment was proudly called "-Learning vulnerabilities subway passengers to the hidden biological attacks."

RADIATION

In 1949, Washington State was conducted operation "-Green Run" - in which an area of ​​2,000 square kilometers was contaminated with radioactive isotopes of iodine and xenon. The territory is just three small town, but the military did not stop.

In 1953, the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) at the University of Iowa conducted experiments on pregnant women. They were exposed to radioactive iodine-131, to induce abortion. In another experiment, AEC staff fed radioiodine 25 infants in the other - 65 babies.

In 1946-1947, "-issledovateli" - University of Rochester were given six test small doses of uranium-234 and uranium-235 to find out what the maximum amount of radiation will be able to sustain their kidneys.

From 1945 to 1947 within the framework of the project "-Manhetten" - 16 people received injections of plutonium-238 and plutonium-239. One of them was Albert Stevens was, which is specially set false diagnosis "-rak stomach" - and began to "-lechit" - plutonium injections (of course, about plutonium patient does not say anything). The ashes remaining after cremation Alberta, stored in several research institutes - it is still radioactive.

To see how radioactive materials penetrate through the placenta to the mother, in the mid-40s "-issledovateli" - from Vanderbilt University gave 829 pregnant women to drink a solution of radioactive iron salts (!). At the same time the women said that it was "drink-vitamin" -. Some babies like their mother developed cancer and died.

From 1948 to 1954 "-uchenye" ​​- from Johns Hopkins Hospital as part of the government program is inserted into the nose students from Baltimore radium rods. In total, through this procedure "-Treatment adenoids" - passed 582 schoolchildren.

In 1954, under the "-Bravo" project - the Americans dropped on the Marshall Islands nuclear bomb, leaving 236 locals were especially subjected to radiation. One of them died and the rest were ill with radiation sickness.

In 1957, the military detonated another atomic bomb in Nevada. According to some estimates, it has caused between 1,000 and 20,000 deaths of ordinary Americans, to whom cried down the radioactive cloud.

CHEMISTRY

From 1942 to 1944 the US military chemists tested for American soldiers act as mustard gas - chemical agent blister. "-Issledovateli" - Working to improve the quality of gas masks - Health choking on mustard recruits they were not interested.

In 1950, fighters sprayed the toxic compounds (including cadmium salts) directly above the six American and Canadian cities.

Many have heard about the drug "-agents Orange" - that the US military used in Vietnam. The main active ingredient "-Oranzha" - - the strongest carcinogen dioxin. "-Oranzh" - Is manufactured by Dow Chemicals. To prove the military that they buy "-What is necessary" - Dow Chemicals conducted a study in which dioxin was introduced 70 American blacks concluded.

PSYCHIATRY

In 1957, within the framework of the project of the famous CIA "-MK Ultra" - Dr. Ewan Cameron began to study on mentally ill people brainwashing technique. He sank into an insulin coma patients, which could last up to 88 days and then erased their memory of electroshock. One of the patients this "-issledovatelya '- received a total of 360 sessions electroshock. The objective was to develop a method of Cameron completely erase a person's identity. One of his players he locked in the room and turned on the speakers sound recordings suggestive phrases like "You're - a good wife and mother, and people like to be in your company ... -" -. Poor continuously listened to this record of 100 consecutive days.

As part of the same "-MK Ultra" - at the end of the 60s by Professor Kligman and Kopelan engaged in that 320 prisoners were fed Holmsburgskoy prison psychotropic substances, to find out for each substance dose sufficient to neutralize 50% of the personnel of the enemy.

From 1940 to 1953 Laretta Bender - highly respected in the US specialist in child psychiatry, was engaged by the fact that in one of the hospitals of New York experienced the action of electric shocks on hundreds of children. Some patients with schizophrenia children Laretta suited for electric two sessions per day for three weeks.

After the publication this year of the presentation of the report of the CIA "about the program on the organization, detention and interrogation", soon dubbed "the torture report", the world community has learned a lot of interesting facts about the principles of work of US intelligence in the so-called "period after September 11".

A broad program to study the "special" interrogation methods began in 2002 — leading specialists to develop methodologies were James Mitchell and Bruce Lessen that took the phenomenon of acquired helplessness.

Experimental study of this condition was carried out on the basis of classical conditioning Pavlov — that is only for dogs. But specialists have a contract, the purpose of which was to develop methods vypytyvaniya information from people, so they started experiments on humans, not really thinking about the legality and ethical side of such activity...

But hardly it was the only program known U.S. experiments on humans.

Unfortunately, the one who is talking about Americans conducted experiments with the human, others perceived as a crazy conspiracy theorist, making up no provable nonsense, and that this stereotype is to break, the guys from Vice decided to gather the most notorious of which took place programs such experiments.

In the best traditions of the Cold war, the military structure of the United States loved to test different strategies on their own people. Military research often require the initiation of the "controlled" attack, and it is to this end, the experimenters once subjected to thousands of American soldiers to mustard gas exposure, and military personnel of the Navy, for example, studied the effects of nerve gas on the human body — the substance is simply sprayed on the deck and inside the ventilation system without the consent of the crew.

Received in due time, much publicity was operation LAC (Large area coverage) — the number of tests between 1957 and 1958, which was to spray large volumes of "mixture" of cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide over some regions of the United States from aircraft and water transport. Without informing residents of the exposed sputtering of cities and States, of course.

Some of the regions over which were sprayed experimental composition had a high density of population. Later, when the information was declassified, scared scientists decided to see the results of the surgery were yvavili that the test was "absolutely not dangerous".

In 1950, the same innovators of the military-industrial complex decided to test the "effectiveness" of the bacterium Serratia marcescens, which is sprayed over San Francisco. A little later one of the residents of the city — Edward Nevin — died from infections of the heart, caused by the same Serratia marcescens.

In ten years, American scientists decided to test the effects of hay sticks on the passengers of the subway systems of Chicago and new York, spraying the bacteria into the ventilation system. As it turned out, this "biological weapons" were completely harmless. However, it is unlikely the military would test something, knowing that that "something" is completely harmless. And the fact of ethics violations...

However, results of operation White robe" (Operation Whitecoat) was not so modest. During the Korean war, do not want to serve and just pacifists are often attracted to the work of military doctors, and in 1953 they were given the opportunity to become a medical Guinea pig and rat, giving these volunteers the nickname "white robes", they were the stuff of experimental vaccines and bacteria. None of them died during the research in the lab of Fort Detrick, but ten years after the collapse of the study followed the study provided a long-term impact: many of the test subjects then now suffered from severe migraines and suffered from stable asthma. And this, not to mention the fact that survived only ¼ of initial quantity of "white robes".

The second worst part of the "Manhattan Project" — in addition to, obviously, the destruction of two populated cities — was the fact that its implementation prompted further studies on the effects of radiation on the human body.

In addition to the departure of the infantry units closer to the "nuclear mushrooms", the researchers did not hesitate to add small portions of radioactive substances directly into the body of the people: some private and public research laboratories or simply pricked volunteers "nuclear energy", or were fed milk and beef, which in turn was a product of cattle on radioactive diet. Report of the U.S. Congress in 1986 under the name "American Guinea pigs: three decades of radiation experiments on US citizens" gives the names of these radioactive elements, like plutonium, polonium, radium and thorium.

In 1956 and 1958, the Charter, most likely, from experiments with radiation, the U.S. army chemical, biological and radiation defence has decided to release over Florida and Georgia millions of mosquitoes, to perform the approximate propagation velocity amarillos fever. It is worth noting that already in these regions observed the presence of fever, so scientists had to increase the number of carriers of the disease the insects were infected.

In the period from the 1940s up to 1970 the CIA guys killed over a hundred people, and an even greater number did mentally ill, trying to figure out how to use drugs (especially LSD) to control of human consciousness.

Here we studied in great detail, How the CIA tested on its citizens LSD

SUMMARY

At the end of world war II, some Nazis for their inhuman experiments received a death sentence at the Nuremberg trials. But in the United States about their doctors-Nazis trying not to remember. Most likely, all described here -- is just the tip of the iceberg. Just truly massive and horrific experiments long ago classified. No wonder, in 1947, already mentioned by us Atomic Energy Commission issued a document called "Medical experiments on human beings", in which black and white was written:- it is Desirable that while performing experiments on people were not prepared any documents that could cause a negative reaction from the public... Documents containing such information should be classified."

To this day, no us official has been convicted of inhumane experiments on its own citizens. Many victims of these experiments so far have not received not only no compensation, but even as a complete information about what poisons and diseases they experienced.