Medical science
In the Middle Ages, medical scientists were greatly improved in the field of medicine. Among the Muslim scientists, Abou Ali Hossain Ibn Sina is the most famous. His contribution to writing the foundations of medieval science and science is undeniable. His main contribution was in medical science. He wrote Al-Kanoon Fit-Teib, a medical encyclopedia of medicine, which was read in the universities and medical institutions of the Eastern and Western universities until the nineteenth century. In Arabic, Ibn Sina is termed as Al-Shaykh al-Ra'ays, and Kannaniqul Shiromani. In the west, he is known in Avicennam. He is respected as a father of medical science.
After 750 AD, Arabic translation of Hippocrates, Galen and Sushruta was in the hands of the Muslim world. Besides, Islamic doctors were also involved in some important medical research. Among the prominent Islamic medical pioneers are the "father of the medicine" with Persian Avicenna, Imhotepe and Hippocrates. He wrote the law of medicine, which is considered one of the most famous books in medical history. Apart from Abulkasis, Avenger, Ibn al Nafis, and Aviros and they were included. Rhazes first questioned the Greek theory of humorism, which was very influential in medieval western and medieval Islamic medical terms. Ali-Al-Radha al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah, the eighth Imam of Shi'a Muslims, was compiled, which till date is the most valuable Islamic literature of medical science. Persian Bimastan hospitals are considered as primary examples among public hospitals.
In Europe, Charlimone announced that a hospital should be attached to each cathedral and monastery. Historian Jeffrey Blaine linked the activities of the Catholic Church in medieval healthcare to the initial edition of a welfare state. Hospitals for the elderly, orphanages for orphaned children and medicines for patients of all ages, places for lepers; And hostels or inns for pilgrims where they can afford to buy cheap beds and food. It provides food for the public during the famine and distribution of food among the poor. This welfare system mainly funded the church. These large sums of money were made by collecting taxes, whose main source was the large agricultural land and estates. The Belgradestein's order played a vital role in building hospitals and patient structures in their shrines, and Abbey of Cluny was well-known for its extensive medical service and the main medical services in their districts. It also established church cathedral schools and universities where medical science could be studied. In Medieval Europe, the best medical school for medical and medical treatment of Greek and Arab physicians was established in Salenotte, named Schola Medica Salernitana.
However, the fourteen and fifteenth-century black deaths destroyed both the Middle East and Europe. It was also argued that compared to the Middle East, Western Europe was generally more effective for the release of diseases. In the pre-modern era, important primary statistics about medical science and body learning appeared in Europe, among which Gabriele Falloppio and William Harvey were named one.
The increasing rejection of the major changes in medical thinking was an issue that is mainly in the 14th and 15th centuries, especially during the period of black death, which can be called 'traditional authority' in medical and science. Andreas Vesalius wrote a book entitled 'De humani corporis fabrica' which is an important book of human ignorance research. In 1676, Antony van Leeuwenhoek started microbiology in the first scientific field by observing bacteria with a microscope. Michael Survettes found 'pulmonary circulation' independently from Ibn al-Nafis, but this discovery did not reach the public because it was first written for "Manuscript of Paris" in 1546. Later it was published in the name of religion, in 1553, which was the most important work of his life. Later it was described by Rinaldus Columbus and Andrea Selepino. Herman Boerhaave sometimes referred to him as "father of physiology" because of teaching Leiden and textbook 'Institution Media' (1708). Pierre Foucert is called "father of modern dentistry".
The history of medicine is like the ancient monastery. With the development of human species in the distant past, the medicine has developed. As a medicine from prehistoric times, herbalism, animal parts, and minerals were used. In many cases priests, shamans, or doctors used these ingredients as magical substance. Some of the well-known spiritual systems, such as diversity (the concept of the inevitable material of the soul), spirituality (talking to the gods or talking with the ancestors of ancestor); Shamanism (person's identity with mysterious abilities); And predictions (the truth is received through magic). Examine the ways in which the fields of medical anthropology are mainly organized by the health, health care and related issues, about how our culture and the surroundings of society are organized or influenced.
Modern era:
The brightest era in medical history is nineteenth and twentieth century. Like all other sections of the two catechology, revolutionary discoveries are also done in medical sciences. Especially in the first half of the twentieth century, two of the two world wars have played an important role in the development of medicine. Many medical disciplines have been discovered only for wartime.
Animal care was started in 1761, which was a little different from the medical system of the human body. French Veterinarian Claude Bougrelett established the world's first veterinary school in Lyon, France. Before this the medical doctor used to treat humans and other animals.
Modern scientific biomedical research (where the fruits are experimental and reproducible) was started based on western heritage herbs. In the beginning, instead of the Greek "four humours" changes began to change and pre-modern concepts of other types began to change. The modern era began in the late 18th century by the discovery of the vaccine invention of Edward Genor's smallpox (inspired by the method of tissue in Asia), in 1888, Robert Coach discovered the discovery of the disease by bacteria, and then by the discovery of antibiotics around 1900.
After the eighteenth century, more awakened researchers from Europe found the era of modernity. From Germany and Austria, Dr. Rudolph Birvo, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Karl Landsteiner and Otto Lowie made significant contributions. Alexander Fleming, Joseph Lister, Francis Crick and Florence Nightingale are considered important from the UK. The Spanish doctor Santiago Ramon and Kajal are considered to be the father of modern neuroscience.
From New Zealand and Australia, Maurice Wilkins, Howard Florey and Frank McFarlane Barnett are considered important.
From William Williams Kinn, William Kolly, James D. Watson Italy (Salvador Luria), Alexander Yarsin from Switzerland, Kitsato Shibasburu from Japan and Jean Martin Charcot from France, Cloud Burner, Paul Brock, and other significant roles were played from the United States. Russian Nikolai Jatokov did a remarkable job such as Sir William Osler and Harvey Kushing.
Along with the development of science and technology, reliance on medical practice and medicine continues to grow. In the late eighteenth century, animal and plant products were not used as medicines as well as parts of human body and liquids were used throughout Europe. Pharmacology has developed from herbalism and some medications (atropine, efredin, warfarine, aspirin, digoxin, vinica, alcohol, teakolol, hysacin etc.) are still prepared from the plant. Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur discovered the vaccine.
The first antibiotic was the Arphenamine (Salvarison) which was invented in 1908 by Paul Arrielich. Then Tina discovered that the bacteria did not take the toxic dyeing of the human cells into it. The first and the main antibiotics are salafa medicines collected from German chemists azo dyes.
Pharmacology has become increasingly sophisticated; Modern biotechnology helps in the development of narcotics in certain physiological processes, and sometimes the body is adjusted to reduce side effects. Human knowledge of genomics and genetics has some effect on medicine because most of the genes of psychoanalytic genetic disorders have been identified which are effective as causative genes. Besides, the development of molecular biology and genetics techniques and the treatment of medical technology has greatly influenced the decision-making and decision-making.