为什么看得懂英语，但写不出英语句子？

你在写作时可能会遇到一个问题：很多文章明明读起来很简单，为什么自己动笔时却写不出那样的文字？对这一问题浅显的解释是：这些文章只是表面上看起来很简单，但实际上里面包含很多知识点，如果阅读时关注点不对，就很容易错过它们。

很多人在阅读时更多关注内容本身。他们在读完一篇英语故事后很长一段时间内会记得故事的情节和主要人物，但很少关注文章的语言，这导致他们几乎记不住文章里面有哪些好词好句以及语法知识点。虽然阅读时只关注内容能让我们更快获取信息，但从语言学习的角度出发，这种阅读方式对写作和口语提升的帮助却很有限，因为整个过程中并没有多少语言知识点能够真正内化，为我们所用。

因此，要做到从“读得懂”到“写得出”的转变，关键还是要在阅读时多将关注点放在语言本身。举个例子：

Middle-aged men from disadvantaged backgrounds are twice as likely to be single as those from rich families, according to a new study.

上面这句话很容易理解：比起那些来自富裕家庭的中年男人，贫困背景出身的中年男人有两倍的可能性会单身。但很多人这句话读完也就过去了，没有留意到一个看起来很简单句式：somebody is XX times as likely to do something as somebody，这是一个比较结构。实际上这一句式可以很方便地用在各种场合中，比如：

(1) Studies show that students in the city are three times as likely to go to college as their rural counterparts.

(2) Teenagers from poor backgrounds in the United States are twice as likely to end up behind bars as those from well-off families.

通常情况下，一篇英语文章不管看起来多简单，如果你仔细研究的话，里面肯定会有一些值得我们学习的知识点，而我们要做的就是找出这些知识点并将它们变成自己的东西（这一过程实际上就是精读）。这里再举一个例子，来自The Economist的一个文章开头片段：

BARUUD ABOKOR has lived in Baligubadle for the past four decades. Before settling in this remote Somali town abutting the border with Ethiopia, he roamed widely. “I was master of myself,” he says. “The economy was good and I had many animals.” But over the years successive droughts, and war between the breakaway region of Somaliland that he inhabits and the central government down south in Mogadishu, have taken their toll. His herd of more than 100 sheep has shrunk to a dozen. Somaliland, like elsewhere in the Horn of Africa, has this year suffered from the worst drought in living memory. But Mr Abokor is staying put.

下面加标注的是所有值得注意的语言点：

BARUUD ABOKOR has lived in Baligubadle for the past four decades. Before settling in this remote Somali town abutting the border with Ethiopia, he roamed widely. “I was master of myself,” he says. “The economy was good and I had many animals.” But over the years successive droughts, and war between the breakaway region of Somaliland that he inhabits and the central government down south in Mogadishu, have taken their toll. His herd of more than 100 sheep has shrunk to a dozen. Somaliland, like elsewhere in the Horn of Africa, has this year suffered from the worst drought in living memory. But Mr Abokor is staying put.

（1）settle in somewhere是指“在某地安定下来”，例如：In China, tens of millions of migrant workers have settled in big cities since the reform and opening-up policy was implemented three decades ago.

（2）abut是一个生词，它是指土地或者建筑物邻接，毗连（to be next to or touching an area or building），abut在这里用得很准。

（3）roam是指漫无目的的闲逛，游荡，剑桥词典里面有这样的例句：She roamed around America for a year, working in bars and restaurants.她花了一年的时间在美国各地游历，一路在酒吧和饭店里打工。

（4）I was master of myself. 即“我以前是自己命运的主人”，注意这句话用的是过去时was，而不是am，这意味着主人公现在已经不能像以前那样决定自己的命运了（原因在下文有提到）。

（5）over the years看起来足够简单，但写作时能够用的人还真不多。它的含义是“这些年来”，例如：We have had a lot of fun over the years. 这些年来我们过得很开心。

（6）successive droughts是指“连续不断的干旱”，要表达“连续三天下雪”，可以说：It snowed for three successive days.

（7）the breakaway region of Somaliland是指“从索马里兰脱离出去的地区”。

（8）inhabit是“居住”的意思，但它比live更为正式。

（9）something takes its toll (on something) 是一个固定搭配，含义是“造成不利影响”，它可以用来代替have a negative effect on something，例如在写环境污染的话题时可以说：Traffic fumes contribute to air pollution in the city, taking a toll on people’s health.

（10）这里你仔细读的话会注意到his herd of more than 100 sheep 后面用的是has，而不是have，这里his herd of more than 100 sheep 是当成一个整体来理解，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数。

（11）in living memory是一个固定用法，含义是“在人们的记忆中”，例如：the coldest winter in living memory 人们记忆中最寒冷的冬天

（12）stay put也是一个固定用法，含义是“留在原地不动”，例如：Nigel says for the moment he is very happy to stay put in Lyon. 奈杰尔说目前他很乐意留在里昂。

做精读时可以按照上面的方法去分析学习，但同时要注意的一点是，这样的分析会比较耗时，如果对每篇文章都这样操作不太现实。一个比较好的方法是每天选择三到四段文本做精读，掌握其中的知识点。平时泛读也要有留意语言点的习惯，而不仅仅是关注故事本身，这样才能真正学到东西。