That is pretty cool. The "fruit" and fiber do very much look like what you find on a cotton plant. The stems and leaves don't look quite right for a domestic cotton plant. But there are several varieties/sub species that are all in that same family.
I think in English this is typically called a Giant Milkweed, also it may be considered as a Thistle variety. The white hairs are connected to the seeds so the wind can carry them long distances.