achievement1 introduction of hockey

Hockey

History of Hockey :-

• Hockey-like games involving sticks and balls have been played for thousands of years.
• Historical records show that a crude form of hockey was played in Egypt 4,000 years ago, and in Ethiopia around 1,000 BC.
• These bas-reliefs date back to 514 BC and show that a type of hockey was being enjoyed in Greece at that time.
• Various museums offer evidence that a form of the game was played by the Romans and Greeks as well as by the Aztecs several centuries before Columbus arrived in the New World.
• The modern game of hockey emerged in England in the mid-18th century and is largely attributed to the growth of public schools, such as Eton.
• The first Hockey Association was formed in the UK in 1876 and drew up the first formal set of rules.
• The original association survived for just six years but, in 1886, it was revived by nine founding member clubs.
History of Pakistan Hockey:-
• The Pakistan national field hockey team is administered by the Pakistan Hockey Federation, the governing body for hockey in Pakistan.
• They have been a member of the International Hockey Federation since 1948 and founding member of the Asian Hockey Federation which formed in 1958.

Hockey and the Olympics:-
• The inaugural Olympic Hockey Competition for men was held in London in 1908 with England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales competing separately. With the addition of Germany and France, the competition ran with six teams.

• After having made its first appearance at the London Games, hockey was subsequently dropped from the 1912 Stockholm Games after host nations were granted control over ‘optional sports’. It reappeared in 1920 in Antwerp after pressure from Belgian hockey advocates before being omitted again in Paris in 1924.

• The formation of the International Hockey Federation in 1924 was not soon enough for the Paris Olympics but it did grant hockey re-entry in Amsterdam in 1928. Hockey has been on the program ever since, with women's hockey included for the first time in Moscow in 1980.

Hockey and FIH (international Hockey Federation)
• Motivated by hockey’s omission from the 1924 Paris Games, the Federation International de Hockey sur Gabon (FIH) was founded by Paul Lawtey. M. Lawtey, who would later become the first president of the FIH, called together seven National Federations to form the sport’s international governing body.

• These founding members, which represented both men's and women's hockey in their countries, were Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Spain and Switzerland.

• Popularized in the late 19th century, the women’s game developed quickly in many countries. In 1927, the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was formed. After celebrating their respective Golden Jubilees - the FIH in 1974 and the IFWHA in 1980 - the two organization came together in 1982 to form the current FIH.

• By 1964, there were already 50 countries affiliated with the FIH, as well as three Continental Associations - Africa, Pan America and Asia - and in 1974, there were 71 members. Today, the International Hockey Federation consists of five Continental Associations, 137 National Associations and is still growing.

Position and Position's Name :-
• There is 11 players in Each team in field Ground and 18 plyers in Squad and 4 team official with each team.

1. Goal Keeper
2. Right Fullback
3. Left Fullback
4. Center Halfback
5. Right Halfback
6. Left Halfback
7. Right out
8. Right in
9. Center forward
10. Left in
11. Left out

4 team official’s:-

1. Coach
2. Two Assistant coach
3. One doctor

About Time:-

• 4 Quarter in one match of 15 mint’s.
• 2 Half 30 mint’s .
• One match considered in 60 mint .
• After every Quarter 5 mint interval Break .
• After Half 10 mints Water and side change break .
• After Half Each teams change his sides .

Ground and measurements:-

• Any official field hockey game governed by the International Hockey Federation (IHF) is played on a synthetic surface called turf. Grass is rarely used for national and international games these days, although small local hockey clubs may still use this surface.
• The hockey field, also called pitch is a standard size around the world and includes basic markings. Markings should be drawn in white and as solid lines or arcs, with a width of 3 inches (0.075 meter) which is already factored into the measurements given below.
• Dimensions and Markings for the Field Hockey Pitch
Pitch boundary:
• The pitch on which field hockey is played has a length of 299 feet, 10 inches (91.4 meters) and a width of 180 feet, 5 inches (55.0 meters). This boundary is marked on the turf and the shorter lines are called backlines.
Centerline:
• A straight line is drawn midway between the backlines, and parallel to them. This centerline divides the pitch into two equal parts.

25-yard line:
• In each half, another parallel line is drawn at a distance of 75 feet, 2 inches (22.9 meters) from the backline. This distance converts to 25 yards, hence this is called the 25-yard line. Now the pitch is divided into four equal parts.
Striking circle or “D”:
• From the center of each backline, a point is marked 6 feet (1.8 meters) away and a quarter-circle arc having a radius of 48 feet (14.6 meters) is drawn from here on the inside of the field. The two quarter-circles are joined at the top by a straight line measuring 12 feet (3.7 meters) to form the D-shaped striking circle, also referred to as the “D”. Another set of quarter circles are drawn outside these and 18 feet, 1 inch (5.5 meters) away. These arcs are not solid, but dashed.
Penalty Spot:
• From the center of the baseline, this point is marked 21 feet (6.4 meters) towards the inside of the pitch with a width of 6 inches (0.2 meter).
Penalty Corner Defender’s and Attacker’s Marks:
• At 16 feet, 5 inches (5.0 meters) and 32 feet, 10 inches (10.0 meters) away from the center of each backline in either direction, a line having a length of 1 foot (0.3 meter) is drawn. Thus, each backline will have four such markings. These are known as the penalty corner defender’s and attacker’s marks, respectively.
Long Corner Attacker’s Mark:
• Along each sideline at 16 feet, 5 inches (5.0 meters) from the backline, a line 1 foot (0.3 meter) long is drawn to form this mark.
• Dimensions and Specifications for the Goal Area
Goal Post:
• Each goal post has a height of 7 feet (2.14 meters) and a width of 2 inches (0.05 meter). These posts are white.
Goal:
• Each post is placed 6 feet (1.83 meters) away from the center of the backline, one on either side, with a depth of 4 feet (1.2 meters). This makes the total goal width 12 feet (3.66 meters).
Sideboards and Blackboards:
• These have a height of 1 foot, 6 inches (0.5 meter) from the ground. The backboard runs the length of the goal and is 12 feet (3.66 meters) across. The sideboard depth is 4 feet (1.20 meters) at ground level and both are placed in parallel for each goal, perpendicular to the backboard. The color of the backboard and sideboards should be darker than that of the pitch.
Net:
• The black net consists of mesh whose spacing should not exceed 1.6 inches (0.04 meter). It is fixed to the goal posts, bar, sideboards and backboard at intervals of 6 inches (0.15 meter) or less, to form netting around the top, sides and back of the goal. This net should not be fixed too taut; this is to stop the ball that is hit into the goal from rebounding off the net.
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