Nice explanations, especially for newcomers and non-technical people. I would like to add a caveat to the concept of late voting for larger accounts. Thanks to @symbionts for providing me with this information in their Discord channel. I do not know the source of this knowledge, so I will leave it in quotes, as it was provided to me as a quote as well:

Hardfork 20 will change this “lock out” period to a “cool down.” During the last 12 hours of a post or comment payout period, upvotes and downvotes will still be allowed, but their strength (for the same amount of voting power) will decrease linearly from 100% to 0% over that 12-hour period. In other words, it will take twice as much voting power to have the same impact on a post’s payout if the vote is done with only six hours left on the payout window instead of twelve. A downvote cast in the last minute would have virtually no impact.

Threshold. Always, no matter the value of the vote, 50 million rshares are subtracted from the rshares (and limited to 0 rshares). This is to prevent spamming. Using the previous formula we get that it represents a difference of 1.25 steem power, a very low value that can be neglected.

Last-minute vote. If the vote is done 12 hours before the payout then the reward shares are decreased proportionally to the remaining time for the payout. That is, half before 6 hours, and 0 just at time of the payout.