Osteoarthritis of the Thumb: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions worldwide. When it occurs in the thumb, it can cause pain, stiffness, and reduced hand function. The base of the thumb, also known as the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint, is particularly prone to OA due to its frequent use in gripping, pinching, and other hand movements.

Causes of Osteoarthritis in the Thumb

Osteoarthritis of the thumb occurs due to wear and tear of the cartilage that cushions the joint. Over time, this cartilage breaks down, leading to bone-on-bone friction, inflammation, and pain. Several factors contribute to the development of thumb OA, including:

• Age – The risk increases with age, particularly after 40.
• Repetitive Use – Frequent pinching and gripping motions, especially in certain occupations or hobbies, can contribute.
• Previous Injuries – A fracture, dislocation, or sprain in the thumb joint can increase the likelihood of OA.
• Genetics – A family history of arthritis may play a role.
• Gender – Women are more likely to develop thumb OA than men.

Symptoms of Thumb Osteoarthritis

Symptoms often develop gradually and may include:

• Pain and Tenderness – Especially at the base of the thumb, worsening with movement.
• Stiffness and Swelling – Limited thumb mobility and difficulty performing daily tasks.
• Weak Grip Strength – Difficulty grasping or pinching objects.
• Bone Spurs – Small bony growths that may form around the joint, leading to a bumpy appearance.
• Clicking or Grinding Sensation – The joint may make noises when moved.

Diagnosis of Thumb Osteoarthritis

A doctor can diagnose thumb OA through:

• Physical Examination – Checking for pain, swelling, and limited movement.
• X-rays – Revealing cartilage loss, bone spurs, and joint space narrowing.
• MRI or CT Scan – Used in rare cases to assess soft tissue damage.
• ICD-10 Code – The condition is classified under osteoarthritis thumb ICD 10 for medical documentation and billing purposes.

Treatment Options for Thumb Osteoarthritis

While OA cannot be cured, treatments focus on pain relief, improving mobility, and slowing progression.

Non-Surgical Treatments

• Lifestyle Modifications – Avoiding repetitive thumb movements and using ergonomic tools.
• Medications – Pain relievers like acetaminophen or NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen) help reduce pain and inflammation.
• Thumb Braces or Splints – Providing support and reducing strain on the joint.
• Hand Therapy – Strengthening exercises and stretches improve joint function.
• Hot and Cold Therapy – Heat relaxes muscles, while ice reduces swelling.
• Steroid Injections – Cortisone injections can provide temporary pain relief.

Surgical Treatments

If non-surgical methods fail, surgery may be considered. Common procedures include:

• Thumb Joint Fusion (Arthrodesis) – Fusing bones together to eliminate pain.
• Joint Replacement (Arthroplasty) – Replacing the damaged joint with an artificial implant.
• Ligament Reconstruction and Tendon Interposition (LRTI) – Removing a small bone in the joint and replacing it with a tendon to improve movement.

Managing Thumb Osteoarthritis at Home

• Use adaptive tools like jar openers and ergonomic utensils.
• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce joint strain.
• Perform low-impact exercises like swimming to maintain hand strength.
• Apply topical pain relievers for quick relief.

Conclusion

Thumb osteoarthritis is a common yet manageable condition. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. If you experience persistent thumb pain, consult a healthcare professional to explore the best treatment options for you.