Changing Back and Forth Between MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQLite

How many times has switching from Python to Java resulted in frequent backspaces to fix missing semicolons and other grammatical peculiarities in order to please obstinate compilers? SQL implementations, like any language, have their own quirks and tricks, which can lead to vexing troubleshooting when syntax differences cause undefined behaviour or inaccuracies, but the nature of data science necessitates the ability to switch between database management systems to meet project requirements.

To make things easier, I've put up a summary of some of the more interesting and significant distinctions between MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQLite, which are all extensively used relational database management systems (RDBMS).

But first, let's define SQL. SQL, or Structured Query Language, was first developed by IBM Corporation, Inc. in 1970, based on a model for RDBMS in Dr. E. F. Codd's work. It was later commercialised by Oracle in 1979. Over the last few decades, it has become the industry standard for database systems. Standards for the language were eventually issued by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO) for broad use. Since SQL's inception, many RDBMS have implemented their own versions of the language in their systems, resulting in a diverse set of systems to select from, such as MySQL or PostgreSQL, each with a manageable learning curve.

SQLite

SQLite, unlike many other database systems, does not require a separate server and instead saves the entire database in a single file. SQLite has been supported by an international network of developers since 2000, yet it is still in the public domain. The language is a good fit for projects involving embedded devices, application file formats, low- to moderate-traffic websites, data processing, and so on. It's utilised by Airbus in its flight software for the A350 XWB aircraft and by Adobe in its Photoshop Lightroom application file type. Since Python 2.5, SQLite has been included in all Python versions.

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Tips to Remember When Using SQLite:

In SQLite, there is no such thing as a standard "join." Instead, you must specify whether the connect is a cross, inner, or exterior.

SQLite, unlike stricter languages, provides a flexible typing system. As a result, the system corrects some data entering errors. If an integer was imported as ‘452,' for example, SQLite would transform it to an integer. Furthermore, SQLite does not truncate strings that are longer than the length specified.

Booleans are not a built-in data type in the language. The possibility to use ‘TRUE' or ‘FALSE' as aliases for 1 or 0 was first added in April with version 3.23.0.

DATETIME is not an explicit data type in SQLite. Instead, it uses data entered as a text in ISO-8610 format, an integer in Unix time, or a real value in Julian Day number to understand dates. The built-in date and time functions will thereafter be able to detect and utilise dates and times saved in one of these formats.

While SQL establishes the standard for string literals in single quotes and identifiers in double quotes, SQLite also recognises literals in double quotes if no corresponding identifier exists.

MySQL

MySQL, founded by David Azmark and Michael ‘Monty' Widenius in the late 1990s, has grown to become one of the most popular database management systems. The system has always been available as open source under the GNU General Public License. Sun Microsystems, Inc. later bought MySQL in 2008, and Oracle bought Sun in 2012. Oracle still owns and maintains MySQL, which is available in both free and enterprise versions. MySQL is used by customers in a number of businesses, including Netflix, NASA, Tesla, and Airbnb.

Remember these MySQL hints:

In MySQL, schemas and databases are almost interchangeable. To create a new database, type both ‘CREATE SCHEMA' and ‘CREATE DATABASE.'

For identifiers, MySQL utilises backticks instead of quotes. When the identification contains whitespace or reserved words, backticks are required.

The language lacks a full outer join, which allows you to pull all data from two tables and return NULL values when there isn't a match.

While temporary tables can be used to simulate subqueries, MySQL does not allow subqueries to access data from prior queries.

PostgreSQL

The POSTGRES package, created at the University of California at Berkeley, was funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Army Research Office, the National Science Foundation, and ESL, Inc. and began in 1986. In 1994, an open source version of POSTGRES with a SQL interpreter was released, and in 1996, PostgreSQL was given its current name. PostgreSQL is used by firms like as Uber, Netflix, Instagram, and Spotify.

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Remember these PostgreSQL hints:

“as” is required between the column and the name when using aliases in nested queries or renaming fields.

A schema is a collection of tables in a PostgreSQL database. In PostgreSQL, queries between databases are not possible. A database cluster with shared users is possible, but data is not.

Each database contains a public schema, which stores tables that do not have a schema associated with them. Geometry metadata is stored in the public schema when using PostGIS.