Steemit'ers! <3

Before we start, I am currently working on something 'IRL' and it is keeping me at arms length from SteemIt during the process, unfortunately. I hope you all are doing amazing and I am documenting this project I am working on and will unveil when it is time <3

Now!

Today I am writing this article about Round-Up or Glyphosate.

For a long time Monsanto claimed that Round-Up was as harmless as water. You could bathe in it and it would be okay.

And to this day, as I found out, ALOT of people still think this.

Time to Rectify this Issue.

A Few 'Quick' Facts

• Glyphosate is a synthetic herbicide patented in 1974 by Monsanto. It is now widely manufactured and sold, through 100's of products around the world. It is best known as, Monsanto's Round-Up brand.

• In this 2016 Study called, "Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in United States and globally", it reports, "In the US, no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use".

• The above study also found that Americans have applied 1.8 MILLION TONNES of glyphosate since its introduction in 1974

• Worldwide, 9.4 MILLION TONNES of the chemical has been sprayed on fields. This is enough to have sprayed nearly HALF A POUND OF ROUNDUP PER EVERY CULTIVATED ACRE OF LAND, WORLDWIDE. Take that in for a second. HALF A POUND OF ROUNDUP PER EVERY CULTIVATED ACRE OF LAND, WORLDWIDE. (Source)

• Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15 fold since so-called "Round-up Ready', genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. (Source)

• Roundup has been tied to INFERTILITY and CANCER; Yet, still, the "maker's" claim its safety. (Source)

• In 2015, the WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as 'a probable carcinogen to humans." The team of international scientists found there is a particularly strong link between glyphosate and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (Source)

• Until now, most health studies have focused on the safety of glyphosate, rather than the mixture of ingredients found in Roundup. But in this 2014 study, scientists found that Roundup’s inert ingredients amplified the toxic effect on human cells—even at concentrations much more diluted than those used on farms and lawns. (Source)

• There are over 11,000 conditionally approved chemicals.... This means they were granted approval without being deemed safe first. It’s left up to the chemical company to research, but there is no follow-up done. The EPA hasn’t gone back to check the safety of the chemicals they approved either. It’s a profit before evidence situation, and it’s frightening. (Source)

• 5-Chloro-2-methyl 3(2H)-isothiazolone, for instance, is a chemical component used in Roundup that has been linked to causing both allergic reactions and genetic damage in laboratory tests. And 3-Iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate, a biocide often used in glyphosate formulas, has been shown to cause thyroid damage and growth abnormalities in test subjects. Other harmful glyphosate ingredients include petroleum distillates, polyoxyethylene alkylamine, and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, which are linked to fertility problems, genetic damage, and other harm.(Source)

• Application of Glyphosate herbicides has caused, not only the increased severity of plant diseases, but also the development of super weeds. Which calls for stronger and much more toxic (AS IF IT CAN GET ANY WORSE!) poisons. (Source)
  

  
  

Okay-->So HOW does Glyphosate work?

Glyphosate blocks the activity of an enzyme used by plants to make certain important amino acids. Without these amino acids, the plant cannot make proteins required for various life processes, resulting in the death of the plant.

Glyphosate is a broad spectrum herbicide, so it kills most types of plants.

[(Source)](www.monsanto.com/monsanto/layout/sci_tech/ crop_chemicals/default.asp)

'Inert' Ingredients

Like most pesticides, commercial glyphosate herbicides (NOT JUST ROUND-UP) contain ingredients other than just Glyphosate which, according to U.S pesticide laws, are called "inert". Publicly available information on the identity of these ingredients in glyphosate is VERY hard to find and often incomplete. _

(Funny that huh? Its interesting how this issue (censorship) consistently rears its ugly head during searches for this type of information, whatever the subject.)_

The 'inert' ingredients in Glyphosate Herbicides with their hazards alongside them....

• 5-Chloro-2-methyl 3(2H)-isothiazolone----> Caused genetic damage and allergic reactions in labo- ratory tests.
• FD&C Blue No. 1 ------> Caused genetic damage and skin tumors in laboratory tests.
• Glycerine-----> Caused genetic damage in tests with human cells and laboratory animals. It also reduced fertility in laboratory tests.
• 3-Iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate ----> Caused thyroid damage and decreased growth in laboratory tests.
• Light aromatic petroleum distillate (Chemical Abstract Services No. 64742-95-6)----> Reduced fertility and growth of newborns in laboratory tests
• Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate----> caused genetic damage in laboratory tests
• Polyoxyethylene alkylamine ------> is an eye irritant. It is also toxic to fish.
• Propylene glycol-------> caused genetic damage, reduced fertility, and anemia in laboratory tests.
• Sodium sulfite-----> caused genetic damage in tests with both laboratory animals and human cells.
  
• Sodium benzoate----> caused genetic damage in tests with human cells and laboratory animals. It also caused developmental problems and reduced newborn survival in laboratory tests.
• Sodium salt of o-phenylphenol----> is a skin irritant. It also caused genetic damage and cancer in laboratory tests.
• Sorbic acid-----> is a severe skin irritant and caused genetic damage in laboratory tests.

(Sources:)

1. U.S. EPA. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. 2004. Response to Freedom of Information Act request of October 19, 2004. Washington, D.C. Response dated November 17.
2. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: 4-Isothiazolin-3-one, 5- chloro-2-methyl-. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/nx7c76b2.html.
3. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2000. RTECS: Ammonium, ethyl (4-(p- (ethyl(m-sulfobenzyl)amino)-alpha-(o-sulfophenyl)benzylidene)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)(m- sulfobenzyl)-, hydroxide, inner salt, disodium salt. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/bq481908.html.
4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: Glycerol. www.cdc.gov/ niosh/rtecs/ma7ad550.html.
5. U.S. EPA. Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. 1997. Reregistration eligibility decision (RED): 3-Iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC). www.epa.gov/pesticides. p.7.
6. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1998. RTECS: Solvent naphtha (petro- leum), light aromatic. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/wf33e140.html.
7. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, methyl ester. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/dh256250.html.
8. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1997. RTECS: Ethomeen T/15. www.cdc.gov/ niosh/rtecs/ko92dda8.html.
9. W.T. Haller and Stocker R.K. 2003. Toxicity of 19 adjuvants to juvenile Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish). Environ Toxicol Chem. 22:615-619.
10. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: 1,2-Propanediol. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/ty1e8480.html.
11. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: Sodium sulfite. www.cdc.gov/ niosh.rtecs/we20ce70.html.
12. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: Benzoic acid, sodium salt. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/dh657890.html.
13. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2003. RTECS: 2-Biphenylol, sodium salt. www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/dv757e20.html.
14. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1998. RTECS: Sorbic acid. www.cdc.gov/ niosh/rtecs/wg200b20.html.)
    

Symptoms of Exposure

According to reports made to the California Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program, symptoms of exposure to glyphosate herbicides include eye irritation and inflammation, burning eyes, blurred vision, skin rashes, burning or itchy skin, nausea, sore throat, asthma and difficulty breathing, headache, lethargy, nose bleed, and dizziness.

(Image Source)

“Irritation” can seem like a less serious symptom than those caused by other pesticides.

However, it can be significant.

For example, Italian dermatologists in 2004 reported treating a patient who knelt on the ground where her son had just sprayed a glyphosate-containing herbicide. She then put on clothing that had been on the ground where he had sprayed and napped. Within hours her skin was burning and she developed a blistering rash on her back, legs, and feet that lasted for a month.

ABILITY TO CAUSE GENETIC DAMAGE (Mutagenicity)?

4 laboratory studies published in the late 1990s demonstrated the ability of glyphosate and glyphosate-containing herbicide products to cause genetic damage.
Two of the studies, both done by scientists at Italy’s Instituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro exposed mice to glyphosate and a Roundup herbicide by injection. One study also exposed human blood cells to the same chemicals.
The first study showed that in mice both glyphosate and the Roundup herbicide damaged DNA (the genetic material in cells) in the liver and kidney and caused a different kind of genetic damage in bone marrow cells. Both substances also caused a third type of genetic damage in human blood cells. (See below: Figure 2)

In general, the Roundup used in these experiments was more potent than glyphosate.

The second study showed that a Roundup herbicide damaged DNA in the liver and kidney of mice.

The other two studies were done at the Universita della Basilicata (Italy). Both used blood cells, one from cows and the other from humans.

Both showed that glyphosate caused a significant increase in the number of abnormal chromosomes.

A more recent (2004) study from the Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences (Germany) showed that DNA damage occurred in human connective tissue cells when they were exposed to glyphosate and hydrogen peroxide, a molecule that is commonly found in living things.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health describes glyphosate as a “mutagen.”

ABILITY TO CAUSE CANCER (CARCINOGENICITY)

Three recent studies have demonstrated a link between glyphosate exposure and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a type of cancer:

• A 2001 study of Canadian men showed that the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma for men exposed to glyphosate more than two days per year was two times greater than the risk for men who were either unexposed or exposed for less than two days per year. The study was conducted at the University of Saskatchewan (Canada).

• A 2002 study of Swedish men showed that glyphosate exposure was significantly associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The study was conducted by oncologists at Örebro University (Sweden).

• A 2003 review of three earlier studies of Midwestern farmers showed that exposure to glyphosate was associated with an increased incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The studies were conducted by the National Cancer Institute.

• A 2003 review of three earlier studies of Midwestern farmers showed that exposure to glyphosate was associated with an increased incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The studies were conducted by the National Cancer Institute. (See Figure.)

• A fourth study, an analysis of results from the Agricultural Health Study, did not find an association between non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and glyphosate exposure. However, the incidence of another cancer, multiple myeloma, showed a “suggestive association” with glyphosate exposure. The Agricultural Health Study is sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and EPA.

Several mechanisms by which glyphosate herbicide exposure could cause cancer have recently been identified.

Researchers at the University of Minnesota found that both glyphosate and Roundup caused a rapid increase in cell division in human breast cancer cells.

In addition, scientists at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France) showed that five glyphosate-containing herbicide products disrupted cell division in sea urchin embryos, which are commonly used as a model system for studying cell division.

The type of disruption found in this study is “a hallmark of tumor cells and human cancers.”

EFFECTS ON PREGNANCY, BIRTH AND BABIES

Glyphosate exposure has been linked to an increased risk of miscarriage (Spontaneous abortion).

In a study of Ontario, Canada farm families, glyphosate use in the 3 months prior to conception was associated with an increased risk of late (between the 12th and 19th weeks of pregnancy) miscarriages. (See Figure 4 below.)
he study was conducted by researchers from Health Canada and Carleton University (Canada).

Glyphosate-containing herbicides have also caused pregnancy problems in laboratory tests.

In a 2003 study conducted by scientists from two Brazilian universities, a Roundup herbicide fed to pregnant rats during the middle part of their pregnancy caused an increase in the number of offspring with abnormal skeletons. The increase in abnormalities was significant at all dose levels tested in this experiment.

EFFECTS ON HORMONES

Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate all biological processes, including the reproductive system.

Scientists at Texas Tech University studied the effect of a glyphosate-containing herbicide on hormone production. ##### They looked at hormone production by Leydig cells, located in the testes, because these cells “play a crucial role in male reproductive function.” The scientists showed that exposure to a Roundup herbicide reduced sex hormone production in these cells by 94 percent. (See Figure 5 above)

ASSOCIATION WITH ADD/ADHD (Attention Deficit Disorder)

• Exposure of parents to glyphosate has been linked with an increased incidence of attention deficit disorder in children.
• A 2002 study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota found “a tentative association between ADD/ADHD [attention deficit disorder] and use of this herbicide” by Minnesota farm families.
• The results of 2 laboratory studies are consistent with the results of the University of Minnesota study in that they show glyphosate and glyphosate herbicides cause brain and nerve damage.
• One study, conducted at the Universidad Nacional de San Luis (Argentina) showed that feeding pregnant rats glyphosate-contaminated water caused changes in the activity of several enzymes in the brains of their fetuses.
• A second study, from the University of Liverpool (United Kingdom) showed that Roundup exposure inhibited the growth and development of nerve cells.

SOIL AND WATER CONTAMINATION

Glyphosate’s persistence in soil varies widely.

According to data compiled by the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service, glyphosate’s half-life varies from 2 to 174 days. (The half- life is the amount of time required for half of the applied glyphosate to break down or move away from the treatment area.)

To make matters EVEN WORSE, Glyphosate is NOT included in studies being conducted by the U.S Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment Program!!!!!! That means there are NO COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL STATISTICS ABOUT CONTAMINATION OF RIVERS AND STREAMS BY GLYPHOSATE.

A regional study, however, indicates that glyphosate can be a common contaminant.

In a USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program survey of Midwest streams in 2002, glyphosate was found in over a third of the samples collected.

The primary breakdown product of glyphosate was found in over two-thirds of the samples.

The study also showed that glyphosate contaminated water from spring through fall and described glyphosate in samples taken at harvest time as “unexpected” because researchers had “presumed that glyphosate would degrade by this late in the growing season.”

USGS has also found glyphosate contamination in a study of urban streams in King County, Washington. Glyphosate was found in all six streams that were tested in this study.

EFFECTS ON FISH, SPIDERS, INSECTS, FROGS, BIRDS

Fish- Glyphosate-containing herbicides can cause genetic damage in fish, and also disrupt their immune systems.

• A study conducted at the Universidade de Brasília (Brazil) showed that injection of a Roundup herbicide in Tilapia increased damaged chromosomes in red blood cells.
• A study conducted at the University of Alexandria (Egypt) showed that exposure to Roundup reduced two measures of immune system function in spleen cells from Tilapia. The reduction occurred at all dose levels tested in this experiment.
  
  (Image Source)

Insects- Glyphosate can cause genetic damage in insects. In a study of fruit flies, significant increases in mutations occurred when larvae were exposed to glyphosate during development. The experiment was conducted by researchers from Akdeniz University (Turkey) and the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (Spain).

Spiders- Spider populations can be reduced by herbicide treatment when the herbicide kills the vegetation they use for shelter. An experiment conducted by zoologists from Oxford University and the Royal Agricultural College (United Kingdom) looked for this kind of effect in the edges of agricultural fields. These margins “play an important agricultural role in providing a refuge for beneficial invertebrate predators”, which prey on pest insects in the fields. The zoologists found that treatment with a Roundup herbicide reduced spider numbers by over 50 percent.

Frogs- Glyphosate herbicides can harm amphibians in a variety of ways, including causing genetic damage and disrupting their development.

• A 1997 study showed that a Roundup herbicide caused damage to DNA (genetic material) in bullfrog tadpoles. The University of Windsor (Canada) biologists who conducted the study concluded that its “genotoxicity at relatively low concentrations” was of concern.

• A 2003 study showed that a glyphosate-containing herbicide caused both mortality and malformations of a common neotropical tadpole. The study was conducted by scientists at three research institutes in Argentina.

• A 2004 study showed that “environmentally relevant” concentrations of several Roundup herbicides caused a common North American tadpole not to grow to its normal size and to take longer than normal to develop. In addition, between 10 and 25 percent of the Roundup-exposed tadpoles were intersex (having abnormal sex organs). The study was conducted by biologists at Trent University, Carleton University, and the University of Victoria (Canada). (See Below)
  

PLANT DISEASES

Use of glyphosate herbicides has been linked to increased problems with a variety of plant diseases.
For example, glyphosate herbicides increased the severity of fusarium head blight in cereal crops, the severity and frequency of sudden death syndrome in soybeans, the severity of Pythium root rot in sugarcane, and the severity of white mold in soybeans.

Below is an example of the root difference (caused by Pythium root rot) in the same plant

(Image Source)

These studies were conducted by scientists at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Iowa State University, Louisiana State University, and Michigan State University.

ROUND UP RESISTANT FOOD (GMO'S/Genetically Modified Organisms)

In September 2012, French scientists conclude FIRST EVER long-term study of GMO on rats; extensive research PROVING GMO CORN causes horrific tumors in rats. Killing 70% of females early, long before their average two-year life expectancy. The study, which was published in the peer-reviewed journal Food and Chemical Toxicology, revealed for the first time that rats fed Monsanto’s NK603 GM corn treated with Roundup (glyphosate) herbicide for longer than 90 days developed deadly tumors at a much higher, and much quicker, rate than rats not exposed to these products.

The American Academy of Environmental Medicine has warned of “serious health risks” indicated by animal studies measuring the effects of GMO foods. Some medical experts have suggested that Morgellons disease, a mysterious disease that produces sores, rashes, and sharp fibers beneath the skin, may be linked with genetically modified organisms.

The side effects of long term GMO food consumption include kidney cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer (for men too), thyroid tumors, brain tumors, Parkinson’s disease, infertility, birth defects, and autism.

(Image Source)

In over 260 studies worldwide, the diagnosis of cancer has been linked to agrochemicals. Yet GMO foods proponents claim that it poses no harm to humans or the environment, and that we need the technology to feed the world’s growing population. However, take into consideration that the United Nations have not embraced GMOs as a way to feed a hungry world, proposing instead more sustainable agriculture methods.

Most VACCINES AND FLU SHOTS contain GMO ingredients. Chemotherapy (AKA “agent orange”) is pushed on the masses as a viable treatment for people who have been steadily consuming pesticides, fluoride, bleach, aspartame, MSG and GMO's.

Most developed nations do not consider GMOs to be safe. In nearly 50 countries around the world including Australia, Japan, and all of the countries in the European union, there are significant restrictions or outright bans on the production and sale of GMO foods.

I have included, below, a FANTASTIC documentary that explains and shows the holes in Monsanto's claims of safety and effectiveness. It is called: Seeds of Death: Unveiling the Lies of GMO's.

Lawsuits Continue to be Filed Against Monsanto Roundup Alleging the Weed Killer Causes Cancer

Turns out, during my research for this article, and learning of the coming lawsuit specifically for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma caused death, I have spoken to the lawyers I have quoted here, and have SUCCESSFULLY applied to have both my grandmother and grandfather's cases attached to the class action. Both of whom, passed away from what the doctors called 'rare' cancer. It is expected to be heard for the first time in court July 2018.

Here are a few interesting quotes regarding the case from the firm taking on Monsanto.

Forty plaintiffs recently filed a lawsuit against agribusiness giant Monsanto in California, alleging that exposure to the herbicide Roundup was the cause of their illness – specifically, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a form of blood cancer that attacks the lymphatic system. Furthermore, plaintiffs allege that Monsanto has been falsifying data and attempting to discredit legitimate research into the health effects of Roundup's active ingredient, glyphosate.

At the same time the lawsuit was filed in Alameda County Superior Court, the Honorable Judge Vincent Chhabria unsealed documents revealing that Monsanto had invented “research” that was later attributed to legitimate scientists – while an EPA official was working to suppress studies of glyphosate from the Department of Health and Human Services.

Two years ago, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published a paper on research linking glyphosate to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, determining the chemical weed killer to be a “probable carcinogen.” According to the court documents, it was an EPA official who secretly advised Monsanto of the IARC's findings several months prior to the paper's publication. This provided Monsanto with ample opportunity to come up with a propaganda campaign to attack those findings.

The plot thickens. Last week, the U.S. Department of Agriculture made a little-publicized decision to drop plans to test food for the presence of glyphosate. That testing was to have started next week. The USDA has been working with the FDA for over a year in preparation of tests for corn syrup, a common commercial food additive. A spokesperson said the reason for the decision was “a more efficient use of resources.” The current plan is to test samples of honey, which can contain up to 100 different pesticides – but significantly, glyphosate will not be part of the equation.

One of the issues is that today's safety standards for glyphosate are based on studies from the 1980s, when use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) was a fraction of what it is today. A study recently published in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health suggests that in light of increased usage of GBHs across the globe, along with the recent unexplained rise in cases of kidney disease among agricultural workers in equatorial regions, that it’s time to reassess glyphosate safety standards. There have studies going back years indicating that glyphosate plays a role in the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, as well as impaired reproductive development in male offspring.

However the current litigation turns out for plaintiffs, chances are good that glyphosate litigation is just getting started. Carey Gillam, director of the consumer advocacy organization U.S. Right To Know, speculates that glyphosate litigation could reach the same levels as that over asbestos and tobacco. “[Attorneys] see thousands and thousands of potential plaintiffs, not just in the U.S., but around the world.”

Alternatives

At home, pests in the garden can destroy crops and dishearten the gardener who works so hard to get the food to grow in the first place! This page has a MULTITUDE of safe, environmentally friendly options to rid yourself of those pesky critters! http://www.pesticide.org/resources_for_pests

On a larger, commercial scale, a rechargeable steam pack instead of glyphosate.

On another note, a mixture of plain white vinegar and salt is a toxic mix to a major portion of weeds and other plants, but will NOT leave a genetically altered, completely destroyed, toxin-laden Earth behind.

Oh yeah. And no cancer. Or damage to your unborn babies. Our future.

All seems pretty simple? Well---->This is where you come in!!! Print this article off, and take to your local councilmen. Vote with your DOLLAR, which is possibly one of the ONLY things these guys respond to.....Loss of profit.

This is also the reason I have included the references in the way that I have. (So it is easy to print and take or send to your local council).

Plus, I want this information spread FAR AND WIDE! And so should you! <3

BeBrave and SteemON <3

REFERENCES:

1. Monsanto Co. 2002. Backgrounder: History of Monsanto’s glyphosate herbicides. www.monsanto.com/monsanto/layout/sci_tech/ crop_chemicals/default.asp.
2. Baylis, A.D. 2000. Why glyphosate is a global herbicide: strengths, weaknesses and prospects. Pest Manag. Sci. 56:299-308.
3. Williams, G.M., R. Kroes, and I.C. Munro. 2000. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Reg. T oxicol. Pharma- col. 31:117-165.
4. Washington State Univ. 2004. Pesticide Infor- mation Center OnLine. Query for glyphosate. http://picol.cahe.wsu.edu/LabelTolerance.html.
5. Kiely, T., D. Donaldson, and A. Grube. 2004. Pesticides industry sales and usage: 2000 and 2001 market estimates. U.S. EPA. Office of Pre- vention, Pesticides, and T oxic Substances. Of- fice of Pesticide Programs. Biological and Eco- nomic Analysis Division. www.epa.gov/ oppbead1/pestsales/01pestsales/table_of_ contents2001.html. Pp.14-15.
6. Ware, G. 2000. The pesticide book. Fresno CA: Thomson Publications. Pp. 123, 193.
7. Sullivan, T.P. and D.S. Sullivan. 2003. Vegeta- tion management and ecosystem disturbance: impact of glyphosate herbicide on plant and ani- mal diversity in terrestrial systems. Environ. Rev. 11:37-59. National Research Council Canada.
8. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act § 2(a) and 2(m).
9. Calif. EPA. Dept. of Pesticide Regulation. Worker Health and Safety Branch. 2004. Case reports received by the California Pesticide Illness sur- veillance Program, 2000-2002 in which health effects were definitely, probably, or possibly at- tributed to exposure to glyphosate, alone or in combination. Unpublished database printout, Nov. 15.
10. Amerio, P. et al. 2004. Skin toxicity from gly- phosate-surfactant formulation. J. T oxicol. 42: 317-319.
11. National Library of Medicine. 2003. MED- LINEplus health information. Merriam-Webster medical dictionary. www.nlm.nih.gov/ medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html.
12. Bolognesi, C. et al. 1997. Genotoxic activity of glyphosate and its technical formulation Roundup. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45:1957-1962.
13. Peluso, M. et al. 1998. 32P-postlabeling detec- tion of DNA adducts in mice treated with the herbicide Roundup. Environ. Mol. Mutag. 31:55- 59.
14. Lioi, M.B. et al. 1998. Genotoxicity and oxida- tive stress induced by pesticide exposure in bo- vine lymphocyte cultures in vitro. Mut. Res. 403:13-20.
15. Lioi, M.B. et al. 1998. Cytogenetic damage and induction of pro-oxidant state in human lympho- cytes exposed in vitro to gliphosate, vinclozolin, atrazine, and DPX-E9636. Environ. Mol. Mutag. 32:39-46.
16. Lueken, A. et al. 2004. Synergistic DNA dam- age by oxidative stress (induced by H2O2) and nongenotoxic environmental chemicals in human fibroblasts. Toxicol. Letters 147:35-43.
17. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2004. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances: Glycine, N- (phosphonomethyl) -. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ rtecs/mc106738.html.
18. McDuffie, H.H. et al. 2001. Non-Hodgkin’s lym- phoma and specific pesticide exposures in men: Cross-Canada study of pesticides and health. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10:1155- 1163.
19. Hardell, L., M. Eriksson, and M. Nordström.
20. Exposure to pesticides as risk factor for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and hairy cell leuke- mia: Pooled analysis of two Swedish case-con- trol studies. Leuk. Lymph. 43:1043-1049.
21. De Roos, A.J. et al. 2003. Integrative assess- ment of multiple pesticides as risk factors for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among men. Occup. Environ. Med. 60(9):E11.
22. De Roos, A.J. et al. 2004. Cancer incidence among glyphosate-exposed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Environ. Health Persp. doi:10.1289/ehp.7340. Online 4 Nov. 2004.
23. Lin, V. and V. Garry. 2000. In vitro studies of cellular and molecular developmental toxicity of adjuvants, herbicides, and fungicides commonly used in Red River Valley, Minnesota. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 60:423-439.
24. Marc, J., O. Mulner-Lorillon, and R. Bellé. 2002. Glyphosate-based pesticides affect cell cycle regulation. Biol. Cell 96:245-249.
25. U.S. EPA. Office of Pesticide Programs. Health Effects Division. Science Information Management Branch. 2004. Chemicals Evaluated for Carcino- genic Potential. Washington, D.C. July 19.
26. Arbuckle, T.E., L.Lin, and L.S. Mery. 2001. An exploratory analysis of the effect of pesticide exposure on the risk of spontaneous abortion in an Ontario farm population. Environ. Health Persp. 109:851-857.
27. Dallegrave, E. et al. 2003. The teratogenic po- tential of the herbicide glyphosate-Roundup® in Wistar rats. Toxicol. Lett. 142:45-52.
28. U.S. EP A. 2004. Endocrine primer. www.epa.gov/ scipoly/oscpendo/edspoverview/primer.htm.
29. Walsh, L.P . 2000. Roundup inhibits steroidogen- esis by disrupting steroidogenic acute regula- tory (StAR) protein expression. Environ. Health Persp. 108:769-776.
30. Garry, V.F. et al. 2002. Birth defects, season of conception, and sex of children born to pesti- cide applicators living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, USA. Environ. Health Persp. 110(Suppl. 3):441-449.
31. Daruich, J., F. Zirulnik, and M.S. Gimenez. 2000. Effect of the herbicide glyphosate on enzymatic activity in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Environ. Res. A 85:226-231.
32. Axelrad, J.C., C.V. Howard, and W.G. McLean. 2003. The effects of acute pesticide exposure on neuroblastoma cells chronically exposed to diazinon. T oxicol. 185:67-78.
33. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. 1999. Pesticide properties database. Query for glyphosate. http://www.arsusda.gov/ acsl/services/ppdb/.
34. U.S. Geological Survey. National water- Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. 2003. USGS NAWQA constituents - pesticides. http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/constituents/ pesticides.html.
35. Scribner, E.A. et al. 2003. Reconnaissance data for glyphosate, other selected herbicides, their degradation products, and antibiotics in 51 streams in nine Midwestern states, 2002. U.S. Geological Survey T oxic Substances Hy- drology Program. Open-File Report 03-217. http://ks.water.usgs.gov/Kansas/pubs/reports/ ofr.03-217.html.
36. Frans, L.M. 2004. Pesticides detected in urban streams in King County, Washington, 1999-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5194. http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ sir2004-5194/.
37. Association of American Pesticide Control Officials. 1999. 1999 Pesticide drift enforcement survey. http://aapco.ceris.purdue.edu/doc/surveys/ drift99.html.
38. Monsanto Company. 2003. Roundup Pro Herbi- cide specimen label. www.cdms.net.
39. Blackburn, L.G. and C. Boutin. 2003. Subtle ef-
    fects of herbicide use in the context of geneti- cally modified crops: A case study with glyphosate. Ecotoxicol.: 12:271-285.
40. Easton, W.E. and K. Martin. 2002. Effects of thinning and herbicide treatments on nest-site selection by songbirds in young managed for- ests. The Auk 119:685-694.
41. Zimmerman, A. L., et al. 2002. Effects of manage- ment practices on wetland birds: Marsh Wren. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND. 19 pages. www.npwrc.usgs.gov/ resource/literatr/wetbird/mawr/mawr.htm. p. 7.
42. Zimmerman, et al. 2002. Effects of management practices on wetland birds: Sora. Northern Prai- rie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND. 31 pages. www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/ wetbird/sora/sora.htm. p. 10.
43. Grisolia, C.K. 2002. A comparison between mouse and fish micronucleus test using cyclo- phosphamide, mitomycin C and various pesti- cides. Mut. Res. 518:145-150.
44. U.S. EPA. Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Sub- stances. 1998. Health effects test guidelines. OPPTS 870.5395 Mammalian erythrocyte micro- nucleus test. (http://www.epa.gov/epahome/ research.htm)
45. El-Gendy, K.S., N.M. Aly, and A.H. El-Sebae. 1998. Effects of edifenphos and glyphosate on the immune response and protein biosynthesis of Bolti fish (Tilapia nilotica). J. Environ. Sci. Health B33:135-149.
46. Kaya, B. et al. 2000. Use of the Drosophila wing spot test in the genotoxicity testing of different herbicides. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 36:40-46.
47. Bell, J.R. et al. 2002. Manipulating the abundance of Lepthyphantes tenuis (Araneae:Linyphiidae) by field margin replacement. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 93:295-304.
48. Clements, C., S. Ralph, and M. Petras. 1997. Genotoxicity of select herbicides in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles using the alkaline single- cell gel DNA electrophoresis (comet) assay. Environ. Mole. Mutagen. 29:277-288.45
49. Lajmanovich, R.C., M.T. Sandoval, and P.M. Peltzer. 2003. Induction of mortality and malfor- mation in Scinax nasicus tadpoles exposed to glyphosate formulations. Bull. Environ. Contam. T oxicol. 70:612-618.46
50. Howe, C.M. et al. 2004. Toxicity of glyphosate- based pesticides to four North American frog species. Environ. T oxicol. Chem. 23:1928-1938.
51. Hanson, K.G. and M.R. Fernandez. 2003. In- vitro growth of fusarium head blight as affected by glyphosate-based herbicides. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 25:120.
52. Sanogo, S., X.B. Yang, and H. Scherm. 2000. Effects of herbicides on Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines and development of sudden death syn- drome in glyphosate-tolerant soybean. Phytopathology 90:57-66.
53. Dissanayake, N., J.W. Hoy, and J.L. Griffin. 1998. Herbicide effects on sugarcane growth, Pythium root rot, and Pythium arrhenomanes. Phytopathology 88:530-535.
54. Nelson, K.A., K.A. Renner, and R. Hammerschmidt. 2002. Cultivar and herbicide selection affects soybean development and the incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot. Agron. J. 94:1270-1281.
55. Weed Science Society of America. Undated. Official WSSA definitions of “herbicide resistance” and “herbicide tolerance.” www.weedscience.org.
56. Ref. # 6, p.207.
57. Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the
    North American Herbicide Resistance Action Committee and the Weed Science Society of America. 2003. International survey of herbicide resistant weeds. Query for glyphosate. www.weedscience.org