Some of the chemicals used in fracking
| Chemical Name | CAS | Chemical Purpose | Product Function | Chemical Information |
| Hydrochloric Acid | 007647-01-0 | Helps dissolve minerals and initiate cracks in the rock | Acid | Incompatible with alkalies, most metals. Avoid contact with water. Read More Human Health: Hydrogen chloride will rapidly dissociate and its effects are thought to be a result of pH change (local deposition of H+) rather than effects of hydrogen chloride/hydrochloric acid. ... Hydrogen chloride is corrosive to the skin and severe effects can be expected from exposure to the eyes. No skin sensitization has been reported. There are few detailed studies reported for human exposure. The irritation of hydrogen chloride to mucous is so severe that workers evacuate from the work place shortly after detecting its odor. A relation between concentrations from accidental exposure and health effects have not been reported in detail. Read More A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE. |
| Glutaraldehyde | 000111-30-8 | Eliminates bacteria in the water that produces corrosive by-products | Biocide | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Other symptoms that may be brought on by glutaraldehyde exposure include heart palpitations and tachycardia. Read More and Here One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative. |
| Quaternary Ammonium Chloride | 012125-02-9 | Eliminates bacteria in the water that produces corrosive by-products | Biocide | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Other adverse effects of excessive ammonium chloride dosage include rash, headache, hyperventilation, bradycardia, progressive drowsiness, mental confusion, and phases of excitement alternating with coma. Calcium-deficient tetany, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, twitching, hyperreflexia, and EEG abnormalities have also been reported. Most of these adverse effects are secondary to ammonia toxicity resulting from inability of the liver to convert the ammonium ion to urea. Because rapid IV injection may increase the likelihood of ammonia toxicity, IV infusions of ammonium chloride should be administered slowly to permit metabolism of ammonium ions by the liver. Read More An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating. |
| Quaternary Ammonium Chloride | 061789-71-1 | Eliminates bacteria in the water that produces corrosive by-products | Biocide | Incompatible with strong acids, strong bases. Read More Modification of experimental liver damage by an antiseptic: alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride. Read More |
| Tetrakis Hydroxymethyl-Phosphonium Sulfate | 055566-30-8 | Eliminates bacteria in the water that produces corrosive by-products | Biocide | Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate is incompatible with oxidizing materials and alkalis. Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate is probably combustible. Read More |
| Ammonium Persulfate | 007727-54-0 | Allows a delayed break down of the gel | Breaker | Oxidizing. May ignite combustible material. Incompatible with bases, combustible material, hydrogen peroxide, peroxy compounds, silver compounds, zinc. May decompose upon exposure to water or moist air. Ammonium persulfate is a potent oxidizing agent. A powdered mixture with aluminum and water can explode [NFPA 491M 1991]. A mixture with sodium peroxide will explode if subjected to friction (crushing in a mortar), heating, or if a stream of carbon dioxide is passed over Ammonium persulfate [Mellor 10:464 1946-47]. Acidic solutions dissolve iron violently, [Mellor, 1947, Vol. 10, 470]. Read More |
| Sodium Chloride | 007647-14-5 | Product Stabilizer | Breaker | Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Releases gaseous hydrogen chloride if mixed with a concentrated nonvolatile acid such as sulfuric acid. Read More |
| Magnesium Peroxide | 014452-57-4 | Allows a delayed break down the gel | Breaker | Mixtures of combustible material and the peroxide
can be ignited with friction or moisture [AAR 1991]. Water gradually
decomposes Magnesium dioxide liberating oxygen, with dilute acids
Magnesium dioxide forms hydrogen peroxide, when strongly heated
Magnesium dioxide losses all peroxide oxygen [Merck 11th ed. 1989]. Read More |
| Magnesium Oxide | 001309-48-4 | Allows a delayed break down the gel | Breaker | Incompatible with bromine trifluoride, bromine trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride. The oxide is incompatible with interhalogens such as bromine pentafluoride, etc. Read More |
| Calcium Chloride | 010043-52-4 | Product Stabilizer | Breaker | Incompatible with zinc, water, strong acids, methyl vinyl ether, bromine trifluoride, boron oxide, calcium oxide. Hygroscopic. Read More |
| Choline Chloride | 000067-48-1 | Prevents clays from swelling or shifting | Clay Stabilizer | Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, moisture. Store under a dry atmosphere. Read More |
| Tetramethyl ammonium chloride | 000075-57-0 | Prevents clays from swelling or shifting | Clay Stabilizer | Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, water. Hygroscopic. Read More |
| Sodium Chloride | 007647-14-5 | Prevents clays from swelling or shifting | Clay Stabilizer | Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Read More |
| Isopropanol | 000067-63-0 | Product stabilizer and / or winterizing agent | Corrosion Inhibitor | Isopropanol reacts with air or oxygen to form
dangerously unstable peroxides. Contact with 2-butanone increases the
rate of peroxide formation. An explosive reaction occurs when
Isopropanol is heated with (aluminum isopropoxide + crotonaldehyde).
Forms explosive mixtures with trinitromethane and hydrogen peroxide.
Reacts with barium perchlorate to form a highly explosive compound.
Ignites on contact with dioxygenyl tetrafluoroborate, chromium trioxide
and potassium-tert-butoxide. Vigorous reactions occur with (hydrogen +
palladium), nitroform, oleum, COCl2, aluminum triisopropoxide and
oxidizing agents. Reacts explosively with phosgene in the presence of
iron salts. Incompatible with acids, acid anhydrides, halogens and
aluminum . Isopropanol can react with PCl3, forming toxic HCl gas. Read More |
| Methanol | 000067-56-1 | Product stabilizer and / or winterizing agent | Corrosion Inhibitor | Methanol reacts violently with acetyl bromide
[Merck 11th ed. 1989]. Mixtures with concentrated sulfuric acid and
concentrated hydrogen peroxide can cause explosions. Reacts with
hypochlorous acid either in water solution or mixed water/carbon
tetrachloride solution to give methyl hypochlorite, which decomposes in
the cold and may explode on exposure to sunlight or heat. Gives the same
product with chlorine. Can react explosively with isocyanates under
basic conditions. The presence of an inert solvent mitigates this
reaction [Wischmeyer 1969]. A violent exothermic reaction occurred
between methyl alcohol and bromine in a mixing cylinder [MCA Case
History 1863. 1972]. A flask of anhydrous lead perchlorate dissolved in
Methanol exploded when Methanol was disturbed [J. Am. Chem. Soc.
52:2391. 1930]. P4O6 reacts violently with Methanol. (Thorpe, T. E. et
al., J. Chem. Soc., 1890, 57, 569-573). Ethanol or Methanol can ignite
on contact with a platinum-black catalyst. Read More |
| Formic Acid | 000064-18-6 | Prevents the corrosion of the pipe | Corrosion Inhibitor | Substances to be avoided include strong bases,
strong oxidizing agents and powdered metals, furfuryl alcohol.
Combustible. Hygroscopic. Pressure may build up in tightly closed
bottles, so bottles should be opened carefully and vented periodically. Read More |
| Acetaldehyde | 000075-07-0 | Prevents the corrosion of the pipe | Corrosion Inhibitor | Stable, but air sensitive. Substances to be
avoided include strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, reducing agents,
alkalies, halogens, halogen oxides. Highly flammable. Vapour/air
mixtures explosive over a very wide concentration range. May form
peroxides in storage. Read More |
| Petroleum Distillate | 064741-85-1 | Carrier fluid for borate or zirconate crosslinker | Crosslinker | Raffinates (petroleum), sorption process. Read More Obtained by removal of normal paraffins in a selective adsorption process and consisting of mainly branched chain and cyclic hydrocarbons with carbon numbers of C5 through C25 and boiling range of 35 deg C to 400 deg C. Read More |
| Hydrotreated Light Petroleum Distillate | 064742-47-8 | Carrier fluid for borate or zirconate crosslinker | Crosslinker | Chemical Name:JP-TS AVIATION FUEL. Read More Conosol;460 SOLVENT;Einecs 265-149-8;hydrotreatedlight;JP-TS AVIATION FUEL;hydrotreatedkerosene;Distillates,petroleum;MineralSpiritsLowAromatic;Hydrotreated light distillate;kerosene(petroleum),hydrotreated. Read More |
| Potassium Metaborate | 013709-94-9 | Maintains fluid viscosity as temperature increases | Crosslinker | Ultimate disposal of the chemical must
consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in
soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with
environmental and public health regulations. Read More and Here |
| Triethanolamine Zirconate | 101033-44-7 | Maintains fluid viscosity as temperature increases | Crosslinker | TETRAKIS(TRIETHANOLAMINATO)ZIRCONIUM(IV). Read More |
| Sodium Tetraborate | 001303-96-4 | Maintains fluid viscosity as temperature increases | Crosslinker | Synonyms
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| Boric Acid | 001333-73-9 | Maintains fluid viscosity as temperature increases | Crosslinker | Boric acid, sodium salt. Read More Boric acid is an effective insecticide, by acting as a stomach poison in insects. Read More |
| Zirconium Complex | 113184-20-6 | Maintains fluid viscosity as temperature increases | Crosslinker | Zirconium, hydroxy lactate sodium complexes. Read More |
| Borate Salts | N/A | Maintains fluid viscosity as temperature increases | Crosslinker | Used in laundry detergents, hand
soaps and cosmetics. |