Hey there steemians!

My name is Cory Bradley aka open3ye and my goal is to open your eye to a whole world of flourishing regenerative abundance!

This is:

True Permaculture

              Episode 2

Composting

Of the things that each person could do to reduce waste in landfills and consequently fight climate change, composting is one of the top things thing that could make a difference in this world, and all we have to do is stop putting our food scraps and kitchen waste into the trash and start putting it into the soil.

As you will see in the infographic below 50% of typical municipal waste is compostable. And since landfill gas is approximately forty to sixty percent methane, with the remainder being mostly carbon dioxide, the cause of those gases come from the compostable materials that we choose to throw away. And while carbon dioxide is usually thought of as being the worst of the greenhouse gases(GHG) methane is roughly 30 times more potent as a heat-trapping gas which is why it is so ever more crucial that we all start composting because it could be one of the best ways to get everyone on this planet to help fight climate change, just by not throwing it in the trash.

We can all do our part, and this is me sharing how!

There are 3 basic types of composting

• Aerobic
• Anaerobic
• Vermicomposting

This is where it may get a little complex for some as I explain some biology but bare with me, I'll be showing you how to make compost soon.

Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes account for most of the decomposition that takes place in a pile. These are considered chemical decomposers because they change the chemical composition of organic matter.

The larger decomposers or Macroorganisms such as mites, spiders, beetles, millipedes, earthworms, slugs, etc. are all considered physical decomposers because they grind, suck, chew, and tear physical matter into smaller pieces for the next chain in the grand soil food web.

****Of all these organisms, aerobic bacteria are the most important decomposers.****

Abundant with millions of microbes present in just 1 teaspoon of good compost or decaying organic matter, they are the most nutritionally diverse of all organisms and can eat nearly anything.
Bacteria utilize carbon as a source of energy (to keep on eating) and nitrogen to build protein in their bodies (so they can grow and reproduce). They obtain energy by oxidizing organic material, especially the carbon fraction. This oxidation process heats up the compost pile from ambient air temperature. If proper conditions are present, the pile will heat up fairly rapidly (within days) due to bacteria consuming readily decomposable materials.

Scanning electron microscope image of soil bacteria

Changes in oxygen, moisture, temperature, and acidity can make bacteria die or become inactive. Aerobic bacteria need oxygen levels greater than five percent in order to live. When oxygen levels fall below five percent, the aerobes die and decomposition slows by as much as 90 percent. Aerobic bacteria are the preferred organisms for a compost pile because they provide the most rapid and effective composting. They also excrete plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium.

Bacterial biology goes through a series of changes with their populations varying according to the pile tempurature as the compost pile ages.

Psychrophilic bacteria work in the lowest temperature range. They are most active at 55° F and will work in the pile if the initial pile temperature is less than 70º F. As they continue activity in the pile the compost heats up beyond that where another set of bacteria take over.

Mesophilic bacteria rapidly decompose organic matter, producing acids, carbon dioxide and heat. Their working temperature range is generally between 70º to 100º F

Thermophilic bacteria take over decomposition as the pile reaches temperatures of 130º to 160º F where it usually stabilizes unless the pile is constantly fed new materials and turned regularily.

Hot composting is known to be the fastest method of making compost, and where it can be as laborous as using a pitch fork to turn the pile, it can also be as easy as rotating a tumbler.

A compost tumbler is probably the easiest/fastest way to make compost because of its ease of access and its ability to add oxygen to the material with almost no work.

Now if your not concerned about how long It will take for your compost to be done you can just throw it out in an open pile somewhere in your yard and let it sit for a whole year, this is usually the method used if you have a large yard with a bunch of fall and spring cleanup waste because you end up making a giant pile which is very hard to turn and is typically very high carbon to nitrogen ratio so it needs the extra time to decompose.

A C:N ratio ranging between 25:1 and 30:1 is the optimum combination for rapid decomposition.

If ratio is more than 30:1 carbon, heat production drops and decomposition slows, which is why yard waste alome takes so long to decompose.

If you want to provide the right balance of C/N then you may want to look into the individual ratios for each material that you add to your compost so you can make the best product possible. A general rule that is followed is that you can add 2 parts brown(carbon) to 1 part green(nitrogen), but that isnt always accurate because you can see below that some browns are actually high in nitrogen such as coffee grounds. And some browns are extremely high in carbon like sawdust or wood chips so you would want to use more of a 1:1 ratio if you have lots of those materials.

Of course this can get much more detailed with specific ratios for different types of manures and food scraps but for the average gardener a simple table like the one above should suffice.

You will also find various composting do's and don'ts floating around the web such as this one:

But this isn't exactly accurate information

For one cardboard, paper towels, and Compostable containers/utensils??? That last one literally says "compostable". And leftovers really? Who doesnt eat their leftovers?? But really though I have always composted bread and leftovers with no issues whatsoever.

As for meat, fish, and dairy products, those can be valuable materials in your compost but it ultimately depends on how you intend on composting which will then determine how you need to prepare your materials and what can even go in it. You should never put anything that has been treated with chemicals or pesticides into your compost no matter what method you use.

Many people have pets and would probably like to consciously dispose of thir animals waste but it can be potentially harmful so procede with caution.

Cat feces pose the greater threat to human health because they may transmit toxoplasmosis, a disease that is particularly hazardous for pregnant women, since it can seriously harm the central nervous system of an unborn child, resulting in fetal blindness, brain damage or other problems.

Toxoplasmosis is a parasite that causes disease in humans and other animals, but cats are the only animal known to excrete toxoplasmosis eggs in their feces. Composting cat litter is not enough to kill the diseases associated with cat feces. In order to kill toxoplasmosis, a compost pile would have to reach a temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit (73 C.), and most piles never get that hot.

Read more at Gardening Know How: Cat Feces In Compost: Why You Should Not Compost Cat Waste https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting/manures/cat-feces-in-compost.htm

For these reasons, feline manure should always be handled with care — and not at all by pregnant women — and should never be used in the food garden. Instead, bury the waste in nonfood trees.

Now that you know how composting works and what you should and shouldn't do I will show you a few various methods of composting and what materials you should avoid when using each.

Open Pile method

Avoid:

• Meat
• Bones
• Fish
• Dairy products
• Pet waste

Compost Tumbler

Avoid

• Bones(okay when finely ground)
• Meat(okay in small quantities)
• Pet Waste

3 Bin System

Avoid

bones(okay crushed in enclosed systems)
meat(okay in enclosed systems
dairy products(okay in enclosed systems
Pet Waste

Vermicomposting

Avoid

• Dairy products
• Meat
• Fat
• Potatoes & potato peels
• Citrus
• Onions
• Pet waste

There are probably over a hundred different methods of composting each with their unique advantages and benefits which I will go into detail on several of them in a later article.

I think that about wraps it up for this weeks episode of.

True Permaculture

I would supper appreciate a resteem and a follow if you found this article to be informative and useful for you.

May the abundance be with you, and may you truly live your bliss!

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