History and Generation of Computers

The history of the computer and its stages of development Bapag invented the first calculator, in 1835, and known as the machine analytical machine, and is the first computer known to mankind, where he tried to make this machine Pabag calculations, and stores the results and printed, but the machine was so many parts did not Never work. The modern computer era began in 1944, when Aiken invented the first modern computer at that time, called Mark, where he received information through the punch cards, processed calculations, stored data, and printed information by an electric machine. For a mechanical mechanical machine, not electronic, and was the size of a large lounge. The computer appeared in 1948, and the computer worked for only 52 minutes. It produced a computer known as UNIVAC, which was in the early fifties, and used vacuum valves in this device, where it needed to heat high, and consumed a large amount of electric power, and the size of a very large, in addition to the weight is very heavy, Up to twenty thousand operations per second, and relied on the language of the machine; the binary system in its various operations, so its programs were very complex, and used the magnetic cylinder to enter data, in addition to primitive printing machines in order to obtain the results. The second generation of computers, from the end of the 1950s until the mid-1960s, replaced the vacuum valves with a small transistor, which was known to be small and long-lived. It did not require high electrical energy, The speed of implementation of operations to hundreds of thousands per second. The third generation of computers began from the mid-1950s until the early 1970s. The integrated circuits made of silicon chips, which became small in size, became computer speed with nanoseconds. Color screens were created, as well as optical reading devices and input and output devices. The fourth generation of computers, which used large integrated circuits, and revolutionized the world of computer equipment and software systems, and characterized the devices of this generation small size, increasing speed, memory and wide, and low cost, and the input and output devices more sophisticated and easier to use, Solid and flexible. The concept of artificial intelligence, and the advanced programming languages ​​that contributed to the development of these electronic devices increased significantly.