Context of various states and leadership in contemporary Arabia

Context of various states and leadership in contemporary Arabia

Before the Prophet's call, there were two types of government in the Arabian Peninsula.

1. The crowned emperor. However, they were not, in fact, completely independent or free.

2. Tribal team leaders. Other eminent tribal leaders had the same status as the crowned emperors. But for the most part, their special feature was that they were completely independent. The kingdoms ruled by crowned emperors were Shahane Yaman, Shahane Ale Gassan (Shamraj), and Shahane Hirah (Iraq). In all other respects, it was the administration of the tribal leader.

The Kingdom of Yemen (المُلْكُ بِالْيَمَنِ):

All the Saudi communities, including Ariba, which were identified as the oldest Yemeni community, belonged to the Saba community. The evidence recovered from the ruins of many ancient ruined cities in the ancient 'Ur' (Iraq) territory mentions a community two and a half thousand years before Christ. But the evidence suggests that their rise began in the eleventh century BC. Based on the research data, their perceptions of life are as follows:

1. From 620 BC to 1300 BC.

It is known that at that time, they ruled over certain countries. Their dominance is manifested in the place between Najran and Hazramaut. Then Tanmu was conquered, and later their empire expanded and expanded so much that their political influence extended to Ma'an and Ula in the northern Hijaz.

It is said that their colonies spread beyond the Arab world. The business was their main livelihood. Then the famous dam of Maria was built, which was a particularly significant event in the history of Yemen. They were given abundant blessings on earth. In the Qur'an, it has been said,

At that time, Shahane Saba's honorary title was 'Mokarrbe Saba.' His capital was Sirwah - the ruins are still visible 50 miles northwest of Mayareb and 142 kilometers east of Sanya, now known as Kariba. 22 to 23 kings in succession ruled this kingdom.

1. From 620 BC to 115 BC.

At that time, their kingdom was called the 'Saba Empire.' The 'Saba' emperors relinquished the title of Mukarrab to the honorary title of 'Raja' (king) and declared Mayareb as the capital of the empire instead of 'Sarah.' The ruins of that city are still visible 192 km east of the place called 'Sanya.'

1. 300 to 115 BC

At this time, their kingdom was called 'Prothom Himiyari.' Because the 'Himayar' tribe dominated the Saba state, and the Saba state shrunk. Their kingdom is called Saba and Yu Raidan. And they made Raidan the capital instead of Mayareb. Later the name of the capital was changed from 'Raidan' to 'Jifar.' The ruins of this city are still found around the mountain near the town of Yarim.

From this time, the decline of the Saba community began. The Nabataeans first established their authority in the northern province of Hijaz and expelled the settlers of the Saba community. In addition, the Rumis occupied the northern parts of Egypt, Syria, and the Hejaz, and their trade by sea was disrupted. In this way, their trade gradually shrunk and eventually closed. Meanwhile, the Kahhatbani tribes also got involved in conflicts and quarrels among themselves, and as a result, they left their homes and spread in different directions.

(4) From 300 AD to the advent of Islam.

At this time, their kingdom was called 'Second Himayari,' and their kingdom became known as 'Saba, Yu Raidan, Hazramaut, and Yamana.' There I,s constant unrest and chaos in Yemen. One after another, many revolutions and civil wars took place, and this created an unwanted opportunity for the intervention of external forces. Even at this stage, a situation arises which results in the extinction of Yemen's independence. The Rumis of that period, on the other hand, gathered troops on the island of Aden and established their dominion over it. Then in 340 AD, the Abyssinians, with the help of the Rumi tribe, took advantage of the feud between Himayar and Hamdan. This occupation of the Abyssinians lasted till 36 AD. After that, the independence of Yemen became a kind of restoration. But the famous dam of Mayarib started cracking. As the cracks gradually widened, the dam finally broke in 450 or 451 AD.

The breach of this dam caused a terrible flood, which is mentioned in the Qur'an (Surah Saba) Sayle Harem. As a result of this terrible flood, village after village was submerged, and many tribes were scattered in different directions.