Emotional and behavioral psychic processes: emotions and feelings, instincts, arbitrary movements and will. The problem of freedom of will and personality. /part 5/
The instinct to death is also seen as opposed to sex. Freud identifies the sexual instinct with the total life energy, with the instinct of life, which does not manifest itself until the maturation period, but acquires its most mature form then related to the continuation of the genus. From a psychological point of view, this instinct is manifested in the fact that the body of individuals of the same species as well as their own body can be a source of elemental pleasure and enjoyment. Freud means this aspect of the sexual instinct with the term "libido."
In the case of persistent failure to meet biological needs due to objective difficulties or moral prohibitions, socially acceptable forms of substitution appear, and sublimation of instincts is reported. It is the redirection of the energy of libido to make the necessary adaptation to reality.According to the contemporary idea of the nature of instinctive behavior, the structure of instinct is lugged by unconditional reflexive and conditional reflexive components. For a variety of non-instinct stringent reflexes, instinctive behavior, closely and inseparably linked to the psychic, is a system of chain-flowing conditional and unconditional reflexes, the ratio of which is different in unequal stages of evolution. The human psyche, though dominating consciousness, specifically for humans only, includes as subordinate forms all previous evolutionary types. The higher the representatives of the animal world, the more their instincts are more labile, more volatile and more intertwined with habits and intellect. Inhuman animals and especially humans do not find instinctive actions in the kind observed in the lower animals.
The possibilities for modification, modification and improvement of instinctive actions through exercise and training are the most important in humans. Considering the instincts of animals and humans, the difference is that in a person with higher social, spiritual and spiritual needs, their satisfaction is guided exclusively from human, conscious and social, lifelong learning and education. People's instincts are so modified and modified by the influences of the social environment and the upbringing that they can not be a true guide to their actions. If animal behavior is primarily instinctive and directly motivated, human behavior is also mediated motivated, multifactorial, and not dependent on the action of only senational factors. The level of conscious regulation of instinctive behavior and control over it determines the level of education and the culture of man.
The refinement of deep instinctive forces is rightly qualified as an essential psychological-pedagogical moment in the formation of character, in the formation and self-formation of the personality. Inborn instincts are an important hereditary fund on which all the educational and educational work is carried out and new connections, conditional reflexes and dynamic stereotypes are formed. The most important of biological significance are instincts for self-preservation, nutritional instinct, sexual instinct. Instincts are created and can change during the evolution of generations from one species or another, in the process of their historical development.
The will is related to the action, but it is more than action. Voltaic acts perform three instrumental functions in human life: - Restrict and direct the infinite multitude of motives of the self; - realize plans and carry out vital work; - slow down and stop the "hardening" of situational lines. As all three functions create the common need for volitional action in human life. Wrath and imagination are the most human psychic functions. There is only man and imagination. Will is a complex functional system that involves psychic processes composed of intellectual, emotional and motor reactions, and psychic properties, whose synthesis forms the ability of man to lead by his own, consciously set goals, regardless of his immediate and sometimes adversarial circumstances